Chouchi

Chouchi (Template:Lang-zh), or Qiuchi (Template:Lang-zh), was a polity in China ruled by the Yang clan of Di ethnicity in modern-day Gansu Province. Its existence spanned both the Sixteen Kingdoms and Northern and Southern dynasties periods, but it is not listed among one of these regimes in historiography.

History

At the beginning of the 3rd century CE, Yang Teng (), chieftain of the White Neck Di (), had occupied the southeast area of modern Gansu province, at the upper course of the Han River. His followers Yang Ju () and Yang Qianwan () paid tribute to the emperors of the Cao-Wei Dynasty and were rewarded with the title of prince ( ). Yang Feilong () shifted the center of the Chouchi realm back to Lüeyang, where his successor Yang Maosou reigned as an independent king at the beginning of the 4th century. The Chouchi troops often plundered territories in the Central Plains to the east and abducted people there, but the troops of Eastern Jin and Han-Zhao deprived the Chouchi empire of some of its people. In 322, Yang Nandi suffered a defeat at the hands of Han-Zhao and was degraded to prince of Wudu () and duke of Chouchi (). The following years were characterized by numerous internal struggles among the Yang clan and several usurpations of the throne. The rulers were not seen as mere regional inspectors ( ) or governors ( ) of their region under the government of Jin.

In 371 Fu Jian, ruler of Former Qin, attacked Chouchi, captured the ruler Yang Cuan () and ended the period of Former Chouchi.

Yang Ding, a great-great-grandson of Yang Maosou, and a son-in-law of Fu Jian, resurrected the Chouchi kingdom in 385, with the capital at Licheng (). His younger brother Yang Sheng () was able to conquer the region of Liangzhou () at the upper course of the Han River, and declared himself governor for the Jin Dynasty. Efforts to occupy the territory of modern Sichuan failed, but Chouchi controlled a large part of the modern provinces of Gansu (east) and Shaanxi (south).

After 443, the lords of Chouchi were only puppet rulers controlled by the Northern and Southern dynasties. Historians talk of the five realms of Chouchi ( ): Former and Later Chouchi ( , ), (), (), and (). Former Chouchi lasted between 296 and 371 while Later Chouchi lasted between 385 and 443. In 443, the Northern Wei conquered Chouchi, but was restored by Yang Wende that same year, beginning the Wudu period, although it could also be seen as a continuation of Later Chouchi. After the death of Yang Wendu in 477, the realm split into Yinping and Wuxing, the former lasting until around the mid-6th century and the latter lasting until 553.

Rulers

Chieftains, dukes and kings of Chouchi, Wudu, Wuxing and Yinping (296–mid 6th century)

Posthumous Names	Common names in Chinese characters	Durations of reigns or in office	Era names
Former Chouchi (296–371)
	()	296–317
	()	317–334
	()	334–337
	()	337–355
	()	355–356
	()	356–360
	()	360–370
	()	370–371
Later Chouchi (385–477)
()	()	385–394
()	()	394–425
()	()	425–429
	()	429 and 443
	()	429–441	() 436–440
	()	442–443
Kings of Wudu (443–477)
	()	443–454
	()	455–466
	()	466–473
	()	473–477
Kings of Wuxing (477–506 and 534–555)
	()	477–482
	()	482–486
()	()	482–503
	()	503–506, 534–535
	()	535–545
	()	545–553
Note: Yang Zhihui and Yang Bixie could be the same person
Kings of Yinping (477–mid 6th century)
	()	477–483?
	()	483–495
	()	495–before 502
	()	before 502–511
	()	511–?
	Yáng Tàichì ()	c. Template:Trim
	Yáng Fǎshēn ()	520s–c. Template:Trim

See also

• Di
• Wu Hu
• List of past Chinese ethnic groups