Mescalero-Chiricahua language
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Mescalero-Chiricahua (also known as Chiricahua Apache) is a Southern Athabaskan language spoken by the Chiricahua and Mescalero people in Chihuahua and Sonora, México and in Oklahoma and New Mexico.[1] It is related to Navajo and Western Apache and has been described in great detail by the anthropological linguist Harry Hoijer (1904–1976), especially in Hoijer & Opler (1938) and Hoijer (1946). Hoijer & Opler's Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache Texts, including a grammatical sketch and traditional religious and secular stories, has been converted into an online "book" available from the University of Virginia.
Virginia Klinekole, the first female president of the Mescalero Apache Tribe, was known for her efforts to preserve the language.[2]
There is at least one language-immersion school for children in Mescalero.[3]
Phonology
Consonants
Chiricahua has 31 consonants:
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plainScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | sibilantScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | lateralScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | |||||||
| Nasal | simpleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | ||||||
| post-stoppedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | (Script error: No such module "IPA".) | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||||||
| Plosive | plainScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink~Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | |
| aspiratedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | ||||
| ejectiveScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | ||||
| Fricative | voicelessScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | |||
| voicedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | ||||
Vowels
Chiricahua has 16 vowels:
| Front | Central | Back | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| shortScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | longScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | shortScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | longScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | shortScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | longScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||
| High | oralScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPA link | ||||
| nasalScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |||||
| Mid | oralScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPA link | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPA link | ||
| nasalScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |||
| Low | oralScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPA link | ||||
| nasalScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |||||
Chiricahua has phonemic oral, nasal, short, and long vowels.
References
Sources
- Hoijer, Harry. (n.d.). Chiricahua Apache stems. (Unpublished manuscript).
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External links
- Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache Texts
- OLAC resources in and about the Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache language
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