Valeriana
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Valeriana is a genus of flowering plants in the family Caprifoliaceae,[1] members of which may be commonly known as valerians. It contains many species, including the garden valerian, Valeriana officinalis. Valeriana has centers of diversity in Eurasia and South America (especially in the Andes), and is represented by native species on all continents except Antarctica.
Some species have been introduced to parts of the world outside their native range, including Valeriana rubra in the western United States[2] and Valeriana macrosiphon in Western Australia.[3]
Taxonomy
The genus was named by Carl Linnaeus after the Roman emperor Publius Licinius Valerianus who was said to use the plant as medicine.[4]Template:Rp The emperor's personal name comes from Valeria and the Latin verb valeo which means "to be strong".[5][6]
32 previously recognized genera, including Centranthus, Fedia, and Plectritis, are now considered synonyms of Valeriana.[1] Species in the former genus Centranthus are unusual in having flowers with "handedness", that is, having neither radial nor bilateral symmetry.[7]
Botany
Valeriana species are herbaceous perennials with woody roots, producing stems bearing fine hairs and trifoliolate, pinnate leaves with serrated edges.The flowers are borne in cymes Drying leads to plant material developing a strong, musky odour which has been likened to that of the scent glands of male cats.[8]
Fossil record
Fossil seeds of Valeriana sp, among them †Valeriana pliocenica, have been recovered from Late Miocene deposits of southern Ukraine, and from Pliocene deposits of south-eastern Belarus and Bashkortostan in central Russia. The fossil seeds are most similar to the extant European Valeriana simplicifolia (a subspecies of Valeriana dioica).[9]
Species
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Template:As of, Plants of the World Online accepts over 435 species and hybrids, including:[1] Template:Div col
- Valeriana alypifolia KunthScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Valeriana amazonum (Fridl. & A.Raynal) Christenh. & ByngScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Valeriana aretioides KunthScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Valeriana asterothrix KillipScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Valeriana bertiscea PančićScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Valeriana buxifolia F.G.Mey.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Valeriana calcitrapae L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Valeriana californica A.HellerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Valeriana celtica L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Alpine valerian or valerian spikenard
- Valeriana cernua B.EriksenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Valeriana ciliosa (Greene) Byng & Christenh. (2018)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – longspur seablush
- Valeriana coleophylla DielsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Valeriana dioica L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – marsh valerian
- Valeriana edulis Nutt.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Valeriana eriocarpa (Desv.) Christenh. & ByngScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Italian corn salad
- Valeriana fauriei Briq.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Korean valerian[10]
- Valeriana locusta L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – corn salad, lamb's lettuce, mâche, fetticus
- Valeriana macrocera (Torr. & A.Gray) Byng & Christenh.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – longhorn seablush
- Valeriana macrosiphon (Boiss.) E.Vilm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – long-spurred valerian
- Valeriana montana L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Valeriana occidentalis A.HellerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Valeriana officinalis L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – garden valerian
- Valeriana pauciflora Michx.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Valeriana phu L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Valeriana pyrenaica L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Pyrenean valerian
- Valeriana rubra L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – red valerian
- Valeriana secunda B.EriksenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Valeriana sitchensis Bong.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Sitka valerian
- Valeriana trinervis Viv.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Valeriana uliginosa (Torr. & A.Gray) Rydb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Valeriana umbilicata (Sull.) Christenh. & ByngScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – navel corn salad
- Valeriana woodsiana (Torr. & A.Gray) Christenh. & ByngScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – beaked corn salad
Gallery
References
External links
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- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ USDA Plants Profile
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:OEtymD
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ The Pliocene flora of Kholmech, south-eastern Belarus and its correlation with other Pliocene floras of Europe by Felix Yu. VELICHKEVICH and Ewa ZASTAWNIAK - Acta Palaeobot. 43(2): 137–259, 2003
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".