Castoreum

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Short description Template:Hatnote group

File:Castoreum 01.jpg
Castoreum

Castoreum Template:IPAc-en is a yellowish exudate from the castor sacs of mature beavers used in combination with urine to scent mark their territory.[1][2]

Both beaver sexes have a pair of castor sacs and a pair of anal glands, located in two cavities under the skin between the pelvis and the base of the tail.[3] The castor sacs are not true glands (endocrine or exocrine) on a cellular level, hence references to these structures as preputial glands, castor glands, or scent glands are misnomers.[4]

It is extracted with alcohol from the dried and crushed castor sacs[5] for use as a tincture in some perfumes[6] and, rarely, as a food additive.[7]

Chemical composition

At least 24 compounds are known constituents of beaver castoreum. Several of these have pheromonal activity, of which the phenols 4-ethylphenol and catechol and the ketones acetophenone and 3-hydroxyacetophenone are strongest. Five additional compounds elicit a weaker response: 4-methylcatechol, 4-methoxyacetophenone, 5-methoxysalicylic acid, salicylaldehyde, and 3-hydroxybenzoic acid.[8] There are also oxygen-containing monoterpenes such as 6-methyl-1-heptanol, 4,6-dimethyl-1-heptanol, isopinocamphone, pinocamphone, and two linalool oxides and their acetates.[9] Other compounds are: benzoic acid, benzyl alcohol, borneol, o-cresol, 4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone, hydroquinone, and phenol. All those compounds are gathered from plant food.[10] It also contains nupharamine alkaloids,[11] castoramine,[12] and cis-cyclohexane-1,2-diol.[13]

Uses

In perfume

File:American Beavers at the National Zoo.jpg
North American beavers at the Smithsonian National Zoo, in Washington, D.C.

In perfumery, the term castoreum refers to the resinoid extract resulting from the dried and alcohol tinctured beaver castor.[14] The dried beaver castor sacs are generally aged for two or more years to mellow.

Castoreum is largely used for its note suggesting leather, typically compounded with other ingredients, including top, middle, and base notes. Some classic perfumes incorporating castoreum are Emeraude, Chanel Antaeus, Cuir de Russie, Magie Noire, Lancôme Caractère, Hechter Madame, Givenchy III, Shalimar, and many "leather" themed compositions.[6]

In food

In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration lists castoreum extract as a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) food additive.[15] In 1965, the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association's GRAS program (FEMA 2261 and 2262) added castoreum extract and castoreum liquid.[16] Historically, compounds isolated from castoreum were used in strawberry and raspberry flavorings and vanilla substitutes,[17] but at present, the annual industry consumption is very low, around Script error: No such module "convert".,[18] whereas vanillin is over Script error: No such module "convert". annually.[19]

Castoreum has been traditionally used in Sweden for flavoring a variety of schnapps commonly referred to as Script error: No such module "Lang". (Template:Lit).[20][21]

Other

Castoreum was also considered as an ingredient for the flavor and odor of cigarettes.[22]

Medieval beekeepers used castoreum to increase honey production.[10]

Related animal products

  • Taxea, a secretion of the badger's subcaudal glands comparable in its medicinal use to the better-known castoreum
  • Hyraceum, the petrified and rock-like excrement composed of urine and feces excreted by the Cape hyrax (Procavia capensis), and a sought-after material that has been used in traditional South African medicine and perfumery

See also

References

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ Walro, J.M. and Svendsen, G.E., "Castor sacs and anal glands of the North American beaver (Castor canadensis): their histology, development, and relationship to scent communication". Journal of Chemical Ecology, Volume 8, Number 5 / May 1982, Department of Zoology and Microbiology, Ohio University,
  2. ↑ Müller-Schwarze, Dietland (1992). "Castoreum of beaver (Castor canadensis): function, chemistry and biological activity of its components". Chemical Signals in Vertebrates IV, 457–464, Plenum Press.
  3. ↑ Johnston, Robert E.; Sorenson, Peter W.; and Müller-Schwarze, Dietland (1999). Advances in Chemical Signals in Vertebrates, Springer, 1, 282. Template:ISBN.
  4. ↑ Svendsen, G.E., Huntsman, W.D, "A field Assay of Beaver Castoreum and Some of its Components". American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 120, No. 1 (Jul. 1988), pp. 144–149, University of Notre Dame. JSTOR 2425894.
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ a b International Perfume Museum, Grasse, France, Website: Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1". Template:Free access
  8. ↑ Pheromonal activity of single castoreum constituents in beaver, Castor canadensis., Müller-Schwarze, D and Houlihan, P.W., Journal of Chemical Ecology, April 1991, Volume 17, Number 4, Springer Netherlands, Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers".
  9. ↑ Neutral compounds from male castoreum of North American beaver, Castor canadensis. Rong Tang, Francis X. Webster, Dietland Müller-Schwarze, Journal of Chemical Ecology, November 1995, Volume 21, Issue 11, pages 1745–1762, Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers".
  10. ↑ a b The Beaver: Its Life and Impact. Dietland Muller-Schwarze, 2003, page 43 (book at Google Books)
  11. ↑ Stereoselective synthesis of enantiomerically pure nupharamine alkaloids from castoreum. Stoye A, Quandt G, Brunnhöfer B, Kapatsina E, Baron J, Fischer A, Weymann M and Kunz H, Angew Chem Int Ed Engl., 2009, volume 48, issue 12, pages 2228–2230, Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers".
  12. ↑ Zur Kenntnis der stickstoffhaltigen Inhaltsstoffe von Castoreum. B. Maurer and G. Ohloff, Helvetica Chimica Acta, 2 June 1976, Volume 59, Issue 4, pages 1169–1185, Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers".
  13. ↑ cis-Cyclohexane-1,2-diol in the beaver gland. Z. Valenta, A. Khaleque, M. H. Rashid, Experientia, 1961, Volume 17, Issue 3, page 130, Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers".
  14. ↑ Hyraceum.com, "Castoreum, Perfumer's Ancient Intrigue," http://www.hyraceum.com Template:Webarchive
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1". Template:Free access
  16. ↑ Recent Progress In the Consideration Under of Flavoring Ingredients the Food Additives Amendment (1965)
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Burdock, George A., Fenaroli's handbook of flavor ingredients Template:Webarchive. CRC Press, 2010. p. 273-5.
  19. ↑ Burdock, George A., Fenaroli's handbook of flavor ingredients Template:Webarchive. CRC Press, 2010. p. 274.
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ United States Patent Application US20140123991A1 Script error: No such module "string". "Examples of the hydrophobic flavorant include ... castoreum"

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

External links

Template:Ancient anaesthesia-footer

Retrieved from "http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Castoreum&oldid=1329070"