Cardwellia

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Cardwellia is a monotypic genus (i.e. a genus that contains only one species) in the protea and macadamia family Proteaceae. The sole described species is Cardwellia sublimis − commonly known as northern silky oak or bull oak − which is endemic to the rainforests of northeastern Queensland, Australia. It was first described in 1865 and has been classified as a least concern species. Its timber has been used for house construction and furniture.

Description

Cardwellia sublimis is a large tree reaching up to Template:Cvt in height and a diameter of Template:Cvt, often becoming an emergent standing well above the canopy.[1]Template:R/superscript[2]Template:R/superscript The bark is thin and there is usually no buttressing.[2]Template:R/superscript[3]Template:R/superscript The leaves are alternate, dark green above with a silvery brown sheen below.[1]Template:R/superscript[3]Template:R/superscript[4]Template:R/superscript On seedlings the leaves are simple but on mature trees they are pinnately compound,[1]Template:R/superscript and there is a graduation of the leaf morphology as the tree grows (see gallery). Leaves on mature trees reach up to Template:Cvt long with a petiole up to Template:Cvt long.[1]Template:R/superscript They have 3 to 10 pairs of oval to oblong leaflets, each of which is Template:Cvt long and Template:Cvt wide.[1]Template:R/superscript[3]Template:R/superscript[4]Template:R/superscript

The inflorescence is a raceme up to Template:Cvt long,[1]Template:R/superscript[4]Template:R/superscript[5]Template:R/superscript with sessile flowers in pairs carried on a short peduncle.[3]Template:R/superscript They are produced above the tree canopy, and prolific − the canopy can be covered with the cream-white flowerheads in late spring and summer.[1]Template:R/superscript[3]Template:R/superscript

The fruit are large, ellipsoidal, woody, dehiscent follicles about Template:Cvt long and Template:Cvt wide, carried on vertical peduncles and displayed above the canopy, creating a distinctive feature of this species.[1]Template:R/superscript[3]Template:R/superscript[4]Template:R/superscript[6]Template:R/superscript They split along one side to release the seeds,[6]Template:R/superscript and will persist for some time both on the tree and on the ground after they have fallen.[3]Template:R/superscript They contain up to 14 winged seeds measuring about Template:Cvt.[1]Template:R/superscript[3]Template:R/superscript[4]Template:R/superscript

Taxonomy and naming

The genus, and its sole included species, were first described by Victorian colonial botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in 1865, based on material collected by John Dallachy from Rockingham Bay in north Queensland. Mueller published the description in volume 5 of his book Fragmenta phytographiæ Australiæ.[7]Template:R/superscript[3]Template:R/superscript[5]Template:R/superscript

Phylogeny

Molecular analysis indicates that this genus is a member of the subtribe Gevuininae, along with Sleumerodendron, Euplassa, Gevuina, Bleasdalea, Hicksbeachia, Kermadecia and Turrillia,[8]Template:R/superscript and is thought to be the earliest offshoot from the main ancestor of all these genera, having separated around 35 million years ago in the late Eocene.[9]Template:R/superscript The common ancestor of the South American genus Gevuina is thought to have dispersed across the Antarctic land bridge during the Eocene.[10]Template:R/superscript

Etymology

Mueller created the genus name in honour of Edward Cardwell, who was Secretary of State for the Colonies from 1864 to 1866. The species name that he chose is the Latin adjective sublimis, with the meanings uplifted, high, lofty, exalted, or sublime − it may possibly be a reference to the fruit (which is held above the tree's canopy) or to the height of the tree itself.[6]Template:R/superscript[11]Template:R/superscript

Common names

The name for this tree in the Dyirbal language is jungan. The more general word gurruŋun is used in their taboo vocabulary, and is also applied to Darlingia ferruginea and Helicia australasica.[12]Template:R/superscript In the English language, the common names "bull oak" and "northern silky oak" arose in colonial times and are references to the similarity of the grain of its timber to that of the oaks of England and Europe that were more familiar to the colonists.[13]Template:R/superscript

Distribution and habitat

Cardwellia sublimis is endemic to a small part of northeastern Queensland, occurring from the area around Rossville south to the Paluma Range National Park, and from the coastal flats to the adjacent ranges and tablelands. It grows in rainforest on a variety of soil types, and at altitudes from sea level to around Template:Cvt.[1]Template:R/superscript[3]Template:R/superscript[6]Template:R/superscript[11]Template:R/superscript

Ecology

Ants (Formicidae) are known to create wounds on the trunk of the northern silky oak by biting it, in order to access and consume the sugary sap.[14]Template:R/superscript The seeds are eaten by sulphur-crested cockatoos (Cacatua galerita) and native rats.[11]Template:R/superscript

Conservation

The northern silky oak has been assessed as least concern by both the Queensland Department of Environment and Science and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).[15]Template:R/superscript[16]Template:R/superscript The IUCN states in its assessment summary that the "species was heavy logged in the past but this has stopped. Currently, the species has no immediate threats".[16]Template:R/superscript

Uses and cultivation

Cardwellia sublimis was harvested extensively in the past for its highly-regarded timber,[16]Template:R/superscript which was widely used in houses of the traditional "Queenslander" style, especially for windows. It was also commonly used for furniture, joinery and flooring.[2]Template:R/superscript[3]Template:R/superscript In limited supply today, it is now used mostly for cabinet work and veneers.[1]Template:R/superscript

Attempts to grow Cardwellia sublimis in plantations have not been very successful,[3] however it has good potential as a park and street tree due to its large size, attractive foliage and showy flowering displays. It is readily propagated from seed (although seed must be fresh, stored for less than 6 weeks)[17]Template:R/superscript and has been grown successfully in Melbourne.[18]Template:R/superscript

Gallery

References

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External links

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Template:Proteaceae genera

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