List of prime ministers of Canada

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File:Prime Ministers of Canada to 1963.jpg
Canada's prime ministers during its first century

The prime minister of Canada is the official who serves as the primary minister of the Crown, chair of the Cabinet, and thus head of government of Canada. Twenty-four people (twenty-three men and one woman) have served as prime minister. Officially, the prime minister is appointed by the governor general of Canada, but by constitutional convention, the prime minister must have the confidence of the elected House of Commons. Normally, this is the leader of the party caucus with the greatest number of seats in the house. However, in a minority parliament the leader of an opposition party may be asked to form a government if the incumbent government resigns and the governor general is persuaded that they have the confidence of the House.

By constitutional convention, a prime minister holds a seat in parliament and, since the early 20th century, this has more specifically meant the House of Commons.[1]

The 24th and current prime minister is Mark Carney, who assumed office on 14 March 2025. There are currently six living former prime ministers. The most recent former prime minister to die was Brian Mulroney, on 29 February 2024.

Model

The office is not outlined in any of the documents that constitute the written portion of the Constitution of Canada; executive authority is formally vested in the sovereign and exercised on the sovereign's behalf by the governor general. The prime ministership is part of Canada's constitutional convention tradition. The office was modelled after that which existed in the United Kingdom at the time of Confederation. John A. Macdonald was commissioned by the Viscount Monck on 24 May 1867 to form the first government of the Canadian Confederation. On 1 July 1867, the first ministry assumed office.[2]

Term

When the prime minister begins their term is determined by the date that they are sworn in as prime minister or, if they do not take an oath as prime minister, the date they were sworn into another portfolio, as an oath of office as prime minister is not required.[3] However, since 1957, all incoming prime ministers have sworn an oath as prime minister.[3] Before 1920, prime ministers' resignations were accepted immediately by the governor general and the last day of the ministries were the date he died or the date of resignation.[3] Since 1920, the outgoing prime minister has only formally resigned when the new government is ready to be formed.[3] The Interpretation Act of 1967 states that "where an appointment is made effective or terminates on a specified day, that appointment is considered to be effective or to terminate after the end of the previous day".[3] Thus, although the outgoing prime minister formally resigns only hours before the incoming ministry swears their oaths, both during the day, the ministries are effectively changed at midnight the night before. Some sources, including the Parliament of Canada, apply this convention as far back as 1917.[4] Two prime ministers have died in office: John A. Macdonald (1867–1873, 1878–1891) and John Thompson (1892–1894), both of natural causes. All others have resigned, either after losing an election or upon retirement.

Prime ministers

Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote". Canadian custom is to count by the individuals who were prime minister, not by terms.[5] Since Confederation, 24 prime ministers have been called upon by the governor general to form 30 Canadian ministries.[5] Template:Sticky header

Abbreviation key: No.: Incumbent number, Min.: Ministry, Refs: References
Colour key: <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />
  Liberal Party of Canada
<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />
  Historical Conservative parties (including Liberal-Conservative, Conservative (Historical), Unionist, National Liberal and Conservative, Progressive Conservative)
<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />
  Conservative Party of Canada
Provinces key: AB: Alberta, BC: British Columbia, MB: Manitoba, NS: Nova Scotia,
ON: Ontario, QC: Quebec, SK: Saskatchewan

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Timeline

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id:OldConservative value:rgb(0.6,0.6,1)      legend: Conservative_Party_→_Progressive_Conservative_Party
id:Conservative    value:rgb(0.39,0.58,0.93) legend: Conservative_Party_of_Canada
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bar:Macdonald
bar:Mackenzie
bar:Abbott
bar:JSDT
bar:Bowell
bar:Tupper
bar:Laurier
bar:Borden
bar:Meighen
bar:WLMK
bar:Bennett
bar:St.Laurent
bar:Diefenbaker
bar:Pearson
bar:PTrudeau
bar:Clark
bar:Turner
bar:Mulroney
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bar:Macdonald
 from: 01/07/1867 till: 05/11/1873 color:OldConservative
 from: 17/10/1878 till: 06/06/1891 color:OldConservative text:"John A. Macdonald" fontsize:11
bar:Mackenzie
 from: 07/11/1873 till: 08/10/1878 color:Liberal         text:"Alexander Mackenzie" fontsize:11
bar:Abbott
 from: 16/06/1891 till: 24/11/1892 color:OldConservative text:"John Abbott" fontsize:11
bar:JSDT
 from: 05/12/1892 till: 12/12/1894 color:OldConservative text:"John Sparrow David Thompson" fontsize:11
bar:Bowell
 from: 21/12/1894 till: 27/04/1896 color:OldConservative text:"Mackenzie Bowell" fontsize:11
bar:Tupper
 from: 01/05/1896 till: 08/07/1896 color:OldConservative text:"Charles Tupper" fontsize:11
bar:Laurier
 from: 11/07/1896 till: 06/10/1911 color:Liberal         text:"Wilfrid Laurier" fontsize:11
bar:Borden
 from: 10/10/1911 till: 10/07/1920 color:OldConservative text:"Robert Borden" fontsize:11
bar:Meighen
 from: 10/07/1920 till: 29/12/1921 color:OldConservative
 from: 28/06/1926 till: 29/06/1926 color:OldConservative text:"Arthur Meighen" fontsize:11
bar:WLMK
 from: 29/12/1921 till: 28/06/1926 color:Liberal
 from: 25/09/1926 till: 07/08/1930 color:Liberal
 from: 23/10/1935 till: 15/11/1948 color:Liberal         text:"William Lyon Mackenzie King" fontsize:11
bar:Bennett
 from: 07/08/1930 till: 23/10/1935 color:OldConservative text:"R. B. Bennett" fontsize:11
bar:St.Laurent
 from: 15/11/1948 till: 21/06/1957 color:Liberal         text:"Louis St. Laurent" fontsize:11
bar:Diefenbaker
 from: 21/06/1957 till: 22/04/1963 color:OldConservative text:"John Diefenbaker" fontsize:11
bar:Pearson
 from: 22/04/1963 till: 20/04/1968 color:Liberal         text:"Lester B. Pearson" fontsize:11
bar:PTrudeau
 from: 20/04/1968 till: 04/06/1979 color:Liberal
 from: 03/03/1980 till: 30/06/1984 color:Liberal         text:"Pierre Trudeau" fontsize:11
bar:Clark
 from: 04/06/1979 till: 03/03/1980 color:OldConservative text:"Joe Clark" fontsize:11
bar:Turner
 from: 30/06/1984 till: 17/09/1984 color:Liberal         text:"John Turner" fontsize:11
bar:Mulroney
 from: 17/09/1984 till: 25/06/1993 color:OldConservative text:"Brian Mulroney" fontsize:11
bar:Campbell
 from: 25/06/1993 till: 04/11/1993 color:OldConservative text:"Kim Campbell" fontsize:11
bar:Chretien
 from: 04/11/1993 till: 12/12/2003 color:Liberal         text:"Jean Chrétien" fontsize:11
bar:Martin
 from: 12/12/2003 till: 06/02/2006 color:Liberal         text:"Paul Martin" fontsize:11
bar:Harper
 from: 06/02/2006 till: 04/11/2015 color:Conservative    text:"Stephen Harper" fontsize:11
bar:JTrudeau
 from: 04/11/2015 till: 14/03/2025 color:Liberal         text:"Justin Trudeau" fontsize:11
bar:Carney
 from: 14/03/2025 till: $today     color:Liberal         text:"Mark Carney" fontsize:11

</timeline>

See also

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References

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Further reading

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External links

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