Calophyllum

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Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox

Calophyllum is a genus of tropical flowering plants in the family Calophyllaceae. They are mainly distributed in Asia, with some species in Africa, the Americas, Australasia, and the Pacific Islands.[1]

History

Members of the genus Calophyllum native to Malaysia and Wallacea are of particular importance to traditional shipbuilding of the larger Austronesian outrigger ships and were carried with them in the Austronesian expansion as they migrated to Oceania and Madagascar. They were comparable in importance to how oaks were in European shipbuilding and timber industries. The most notable species is the mastwood (Calophyllum inophyllum) which grows readily in the sandy and rocky beaches of the island environments that the Austronesians colonized.[2][3]

Description

Calophyllum are trees or shrubs. They produce a colorless, white, or yellow latex. The oppositely arranged leaves have leathery blades often borne on petioles.[1] The leaves are distinctive, with narrow parallel veins alternating with resin canals.[4] The inflorescence is a cyme or a thyrse of flowers that grows from the leaf axils or at the ends of branches. In the flower the sepals and petals may look similar and are arranged in whorls. There are many stamens. The fruit is a drupe with thin layers of flesh over a large seed.[1]

Uses

Many species are used for their wood. Some are hardwood trees that can reach 30 meters in height. They tend to grow rapidly. The outer sapwood is yellowish, yellow-brown, or orange, sometimes with a pink tinge, and the inner heartwood is light reddish to red-brown. The wood has a streaked, ribboned, or zig-zag grain. The wood has been used to build boats, flooring, and furniture, and made into plywood.[5][6] Calophyllum wood may be sold under the name bitangor, and the species may be used interchangeably; one shipment may contain boards from several different species.[7]

Plants of the genus are also known for their chemistry, with a variety of secondary metabolites isolated, such as coumarins, xanthones, flavonoids, and triterpenes. Compounds from the genus have been reported to have cytotoxic, anti-HIV, antisecretory, cytoprotective, antinociceptive, molluscicidal, and antimicrobial properties. Some plants are used in folk medicine to treat conditions such as peptic ulcers, tumors, infections, pain, and inflammation.[8]

C. inophyllum is the source of tamanu oil, a greenish, nutty-scented oil of commercial value. It has been used as massage oil, topical medicine, lamp oil, and waterproofing, and is still used in cosmetics. Tacamahac is the resin of the tree. This species is also cultivated for its wood and planted in coastal landscaping as a windbreak and for erosion control.[7]

Symbolism

A stylized Calophyllum is featured on the national coat of arms of Nauru.

Species

As of January 2024, Plants of the World Online includes:[9][1]

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  1. Calophyllum acidus Template:Au
  2. Calophyllum acutiputamen Template:Au
  3. Calophyllum aerarium Template:Au
  4. Calophyllum africanum Template:Au
  5. Calophyllum alboramulum Template:Au
  6. Calophyllum amblyphyllum Template:Au
  7. Calophyllum andersonii Template:Au
  8. Calophyllum angulare Template:Au
  9. Calophyllum apetalum Template:Au
  10. Calophyllum archipelagi Template:Au
  11. Calophyllum ardens Template:Au
  12. Calophyllum articulatum Template:Au
  13. Calophyllum aurantiacum Template:Au
  14. Calophyllum aureobrunnescens Template:Au
  15. Calophyllum aureum Template:Au
  16. Calophyllum australianum Template:Au
  17. Calophyllum austroindicum Template:Au
  18. Calophyllum balansae Template:Au
  19. Calophyllum banyengii Template:Au
  20. Calophyllum bicolor Template:Au
  21. Calophyllum biflorum Template:Au
  22. Calophyllum bifurcatum Template:Au
  23. Calophyllum blancoi Template:Au
  24. Calophyllum brachyphyllum Template:Au
  25. Calophyllum bracteatum Template:Au
  26. Calophyllum brasiliense Template:Au – Santa Maria
  27. Calophyllum brassii Template:Au
  28. Calophyllum calaba Template:Au
  29. Calophyllum calcicola Template:Au
  30. Calophyllum caledonicum Template:Au
  31. Calophyllum canum Template:Au
  32. Calophyllum carrii Template:Au
  33. Calophyllum castaneum Template:Au
  34. Calophyllum caudatum Template:Au
  35. Calophyllum celebicum Template:Au
  36. Calophyllum cerasiferum Template:Au
  37. Calophyllum ceriferum Template:Au
  38. Calophyllum chapelieri Template:Au
  39. Calophyllum clemensiorum Template:Au
  40. Calophyllum collinum Template:Au
  41. Calophyllum comorense Template:Au
  42. Calophyllum complanatum Template:Au
  43. Calophyllum confertum Template:Au
  44. Calophyllum confusum Template:Au
  45. Calophyllum cordato-oblongum Template:Au
  46. Calophyllum coriaceum Template:Au
  47. Calophyllum costatum Template:Au
  48. Calophyllum costulatum Template:Au
  49. Calophyllum cucullatum Template:Au
  50. Calophyllum cuneifolium Template:Au
  51. Calophyllum dasypodium Template:Au
  52. Calophyllum depressinervosum Template:Au
  53. Calophyllum dioscurii Template:Au
  54. Calophyllum dispar Template:Au
  55. Calophyllum dongnaiense Template:Au
  56. Calophyllum drouhardii Template:Au
  57. Calophyllum dryobalanoides Template:Au
  58. Calophyllum echinatum Template:Au
  59. Calophyllum elegans Template:Au
  60. Calophyllum enervosum Template:Au
  61. Calophyllum eputamen Template:Au
  62. Calophyllum euryphyllum Template:Au
  63. Calophyllum exiticostatum Template:Au
  64. Calophyllum ferrugineum Template:Au
  65. Calophyllum fibrosum Template:Au
  66. Calophyllum flavoramulum Template:Au
  67. Calophyllum fraseri Template:Au
  68. Calophyllum garcinioides Template:Au
  69. Calophyllum glaucescens Template:Au
  70. Calophyllum goniocarpum Template:Au
  71. Calophyllum gracilipes Template:Au
  72. Calophyllum gracillimum Template:Au
  73. Calophyllum grandiflorum Template:Au
  74. Calophyllum griseum Template:Au
  75. Calophyllum havilandii Template:Au
  76. Calophyllum heterophyllum Template:Au
  77. Calophyllum hirasimum Template:Au
  78. Calophyllum honbaense Template:Au
  79. Calophyllum hosei Template:Au
  80. Calophyllum humbertii Template:Au
  81. Calophyllum incumbens Template:Au
  82. Calophyllum inophyllum Template:Au – mastwood, Alexandrian laurel, tamanu, beauty leaf
  83. Calophyllum insularum Template:Au
  84. Calophyllum lanigerum Template:Au
  85. Calophyllum lankaensis Template:Au
  86. Calophyllum laticostatum Template:Au
  87. Calophyllum laxiflorum Template:Au
  88. Calophyllum leleanii Template:Au
  89. Calophyllum leptocladum Template:Au
  90. Calophyllum leucocarpum Template:Au
  91. Calophyllum lineare Template:Au
  92. Calophyllum lingulatum Template:Au
  93. Calophyllum lonchophyllum Template:Au
  94. Calophyllum longifolium Template:Au
  95. Calophyllum lowei Template:Au
  96. Calophyllum macrocarpum Template:Au
  97. Calophyllum macrophyllum Template:Au
  98. Calophyllum membranaceum Template:Au
  99. Calophyllum mesoamericanum Template:Au[4]
  100. Calophyllum milvum Template:Au
  101. Calophyllum molle Template:Au
  102. Calophyllum moonii Template:Au
  103. Calophyllum morobensis Template:Au
  104. Calophyllum mukunense Template:Au
  105. Calophyllum multitudinis Template:Au
  106. Calophyllum neoebudicum Template:Au
  107. Calophyllum nodosum Template:Au
  108. Calophyllum novoguineense Template:Au
  109. Calophyllum nubicola Template:Au
  110. Calophyllum obliquinervium Template:Au
  111. Calophyllum obscurum Template:Au
  112. Calophyllum oliganthum Template:Au
  113. Calophyllum pachyphyllum Template:Au
  114. Calophyllum paniculatum Template:Au
  115. Calophyllum papuanum Template:Au
  116. Calophyllum parkeri Template:Au
  117. Calophyllum parviflorum Template:Au
  118. Calophyllum parvifolium Template:Au
  119. Calophyllum pascalianum Template:Au
  120. Calophyllum pauciflorum Template:Au
  121. Calophyllum peekelii Template:Au
  122. Calophyllum pelewense Template:Au
  123. Calophyllum pentapetalum Template:Au
  124. Calophyllum persimile Template:Au
  125. Calophyllum pervillei Template:Au
  126. Calophyllum piluliferum Template:Au
  127. Calophyllum pinetorum Template:Au
  128. Calophyllum pisiferum Template:Au
  129. Calophyllum poilanei Template:Au
  130. Calophyllum polyanthum Template:Au – poonspar, sirpoontree
  131. Calophyllum praetermissum Template:Au
  132. Calophyllum pubescens Template:Au[4]
  133. Calophyllum pulcherrimum Template:Au
  134. Calophyllum pyriforme Template:Au
  135. Calophyllum recedens Template:Au
  136. Calophyllum recurvatum Template:Au
  137. Calophyllum rigidulum Template:Au
  138. Calophyllum rigidum Template:Au
  139. Calophyllum rivulare Template:Au
  140. Calophyllum robustum Template:Au
  141. Calophyllum roseocostatum Template:Au
  142. Calophyllum rotundifolium Template:Au
  143. Calophyllum rubiginosum Template:Au
  144. Calophyllum rufigemmatum Template:Au
  145. Calophyllum rufinerve Template:Au
  146. Calophyllum rugosum Template:Au
  147. Calophyllum rupicola Template:Au
  148. Calophyllum sakarium Template:Au
  149. Calophyllum savannarum Template:Au
  150. Calophyllum sclerophyllum Template:Au
  151. Calophyllum scriblitifolium Template:Au
  152. Calophyllum sil Template:Au
  153. Calophyllum soulattri Template:Au – bitangoor boonot, Nicobar canoetree
  154. Calophyllum stipitatum Template:Au
  155. Calophyllum streimannii Template:Au
  156. Calophyllum suberosum Template:Au
  157. Calophyllum subhorizontale Template:Au
  158. Calophyllum subsessile Template:Au
  159. Calophyllum sundaicum Template:Au
  160. Calophyllum symingtonianum Template:Au
  161. Calophyllum tacamahaca Template:Au
  162. Calophyllum tetrapterum Template:Au
  163. Calophyllum teysmannii Template:Au
  164. Calophyllum thorelii Template:Au
  165. Calophyllum thuriferum Template:Au
  166. Calophyllum thwaitesii Template:Au
  167. Calophyllum tomentosum Template:Au – pink touriga
  168. Calophyllum touranense Template:Au
  169. Calophyllum tournanense Template:Au
  170. Calophyllum trachycaule Template:Au
  171. Calophyllum trapezifolium Template:Au
  172. Calophyllum undulatum Template:Au
  173. Calophyllum utile Template:Au
  174. Calophyllum vanoverberghii Template:Au
  175. Calophyllum venulosum Template:Au
  176. Calophyllum vergens Template:Au
  177. Calophyllum vernicosum Template:Au
  178. Calophyllum verticillatum Template:Au
  179. Calophyllum vexans Template:Au
  180. Calophyllum vitiense Template:Au
  181. Calophyllum waliense Template:Au
  182. Calophyllum walkeri Template:Au
  183. Calophyllum wallichianum Template:Au
  184. Calophyllum whitfordii Template:Au
  185. Calophyllum woodii Template:Au

Gallery

See also

References

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  1. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  4. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Calophyllum. Template:Webarchive Wood Properties and Uses of Australian Timbers. Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. 2010.
  6. ↑ Richter, H. G. and M. J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Calophyllum. Commercial Timbers. DELTA. Version: 25 June 2009.
  7. ↑ a b Friday, J. B. and R. Ogoshi. Farm and Forestry Production and Marketing Profile for Tamanu (Calophyllum inophyllum). In: Elevitch, C. R. (ed.) Specialty Crops for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agriculture Resources. Holualoa, Hawaii. 2011.
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".

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Bibliography

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External links

Template:Taxonbar

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