Cabomba caroliniana

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Cabomba caroliniana, commonly known as Carolina fanwort,[1] is a rhizomatous,[2] aquatic,[3] perennial,[1] herb[3] native to North and South America.[4] Having been a popular aquarium plant,[5] it has been exported around the world, and has become an invasive species in Europe and Australia.[6][7]

Description

File:Cabomba caroliniana A.Gray leaf.jpg
Submerged leaf of Cabomba caroliniana A.Gray with scale bar (2 cm) on a white background
File:Cabomba caroliniana 5447126.jpg
Green and reddish-brown shoots
File:Cabomba caroliniana 5447098.jpg
Straplike floating leaves with flowers
File:Cabomba caroliniana 5447120.jpg
Submerged leaves protruding above the surface

Vegetative characteristics

Cabomba caroliniana is a rhizomatous,[2] perennial,[1] aquatic[3] herb[1] with green,[3] up to 1.5 m long,[8] and 1–2 mm wide stems.[9] The floating leaves are 0.6–3 cm long, and 1–4 mm wide.[5]

Generative characteristics

The 0.6–1.5 cm wide flower[3] floats on the water surface, or extends beyond it.[10] It has white, 5–12 mm long, and 2–7 mm wide sepals, and white, 4–12 mm long, and 2–5 mm wide petals.[2] The androecium consists of (3–4–)6 stamens.[3] The gynoecium consists of 2–3 carpels.[8] The 8–8.7 mm long, and 2.1–2.3 mm wide fruit bears ovoid to oblong, 1.5–3 mm long, and 1–2.2 mm wide seeds.[3]

Cytology

The chromosome count is 2n = 26, 78, 104.[2] The chloroplast genome of Cabomba caroliniana is 164057 bp or 160177 bp long.[11]

Taxonomy

It was published by Asa Gray in 1837.[12][4]

Varieties

It has three varieties:[4]

Common names

Cabomba caroliniana is commonly called Carolina fanwort,[1] Carolina water shield,[13] green cabomba, fanwort, fish grass, Washington grass, Washington plant, common cabomba, Washington plant, and watershield.[14]

Distribution

It is native to southeastern South America (southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and northeastern Argentina),[15] and the East and West Coasts of the United States.[1] Outside of its natural range, it has been introduced to China,[16][4] Austria,[4] Germany,[17][4] Great Britain, India, Japan, Korea,[4] Malaysia,[18] Netherlands, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Poland, Romania, Sri Lanka, Sweden, and Thailand.[4]

Ecology

Large numbers of plants are sent from Florida to the rest of the U.S. for commercial use. Fanwort is also grown commercially in Asia for export to Europe and other parts of the world. Small-scale, local cultivation occurs in some areas, and aquarists are probably responsible for some introductions.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

This species grows rooted in the mud of stagnant to slow-flowing water, including streams, smaller rivers, lakes, ponds, sloughs, and ditches. In some states in the United States, it is now regarded as a weed. Fanwort stems become brittle in late summer, which causes the plant to break apart, facilitating its distribution and invasion of new water bodies. It produces by seed, but vegetative reproduction seems to be its main vehicle for spreading to new waters. Growth of Script error: No such module "convert". a day has been reported in Lake Macdonald in Queensland, Australia.[19]

Use in the aquarium trade has led to some species being introduced to other parts of the world, such as Australia, where Cabomba caroliniana it is a nationally declared weed.[7] Having arrived in 1967, it spread rapidly in waterways and out-competed native plants, threatening water supplies, especially along the eastern side of the continent.[20] It is a weed of national significance in Australia.[21]

It is also on the list of invasive alien species of union concern in the EU.[6] The latter implies that the species cannot be traded nor commercialised. The EU forbids trading and selling of the plant and requires people possessing it before the Regulation went into force to take appropriate measures to prevent it from spreading.[22]

Control measures

since July 2023Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". a trial is under way to control the weed by introducing a tiny South American beetle, Hydrotimetes natans, or Cabomba weevil, into Lake Macdonald and Lake Kurwongbah in Queensland. The species is being bred in a nursery at Kurwongbah, with a view to national introduction for biological control of the weed. The larvae of the weevil damage the plant by tunnelling through its stems, breaking them down and causing fungal infections which hinder their ability to reproduce. It has been found that only the insect mostly feeds on Cabomba, and does not affect any native plants.[20]

Conservation

The NatureServe conservation status is G5 Secure.[23]

References

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  1. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
  2. ↑ a b c d Cabomba caroliniana in Flora of China @ efloras.org. (n.d.). Retrieved February 14, 2025, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=233500297
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g Pellegrini, M. O. O. & Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. (n.d.-b). Cabomba caroliniana A.Gray. Flora E Funga Do Brasil. Retrieved February 13, 2025, from https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB34566
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h Cabomba caroliniana A.Gray. (n.d.). Plants of the World Online. Retrieved February 6, 2025, from https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:273581-2
  5. ↑ a b Cabomba caroliniana in Flora of North America @ efloras.org. (n.d.). Retrieved February 14, 2025, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233500297
  6. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ a b Northern Territory Government. (n.d.). Cabomba caroliniana A.Gray. FloraNT. Retrieved February 13, 2025, from https://eflora.nt.gov.au/factsheet?id=27617
  9. ↑ Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. (n.d.-b). Cabomba caroliniana A.Gray. VicFlora Flora of Victoria. Retrieved February 13, 2025, from https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/c10eed03-ee28-4e94-80b2-efca95cf0c02
  10. ↑ T.D. Stanley, A.E. Orchard, P.G. Kodela. Cabomba caroliniana var. caroliniana, in P.G. Kodela (ed.), Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Cabomba%20caroliniana%20var.%20caroliniana [Date Accessed: 14 February 2025]
  11. ↑ Gruenstaeudl, M., Gerschler, N., & Borsch, T. (2018). Bioinformatic workflows for generating complete plastid genome sequences—an example from Cabomba (Cabombaceae) in the context of the phylogenomic analysis of the water-lily clade. Life, 8(3), 25.
  12. ↑ Gray, A. (1848). Remarks on the structure and affinities of the order Ceratophyllaceae. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, 4(1), 41-50.
  13. ↑ Template:BSBI 2007
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Department of Ecology, Washington State: Cabomba caroliniana Template:Webarchive. Non-Native Invasive Freshwater Plants. Retrieved 16 August 2016
  16. ↑ Zhang, X., Zhong, Y., & Chen, J. (2003). Fanwort in Eastern China: An Invasive Aquatic Plant and Potential Ecological Consequences. Ambio, 32(2), 158–159. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4315354
  17. ↑ Landesamt für Natur, Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz Nordrhein-Westfalen. (n.d.). Grüne Cabomba, Karolina-Haarnixe (Cabomba caroliniana). Neobiota in NRW. Retrieved February 25, 2025, from https://neobiota.naturschutzinformationen.nrw.de/neobiota/de/arten/pflanzen/190751/kurzbeschreibung
  18. ↑ Malaysia Biodiversity Centre (MBC). (n.d.). Cabomba caroliniana. Malaysia Biodiversity Information System (MyBIS). Retrieved February 25, 2025, from https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/4448
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".

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Further reading

  • Ørgaard, M. (1991). The genus Cabomba (Cabombaceae) - a taxonomic study. Nordic Journal of Botany 11: 179-203
  • Gleason, H.A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York.
  • Hotchkiss, N. 1972. Common Marsh, Underwater and Floating-leaved Plants of the United States and Canada. Dover Publications, Inc., New York.
  • Radford, A.E., H.E. Ahles, and C.R. Bell. 1968. Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
  • Riemer, D.N. and R.D. Ilnicki. 1968. Overwintering of Cabomba in New Jersey. Weed Science 16:101-102.

External links

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