Bustard

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Bustards, including floricans and korhaans, are large, terrestrial birds living mainly in dry grassland areas and in steppe regions. They range in length from Script error: No such module "convert".. They make up the family Otididae (Template:IPAc-en, formerly known as Otidae).[1]

Bustards are omnivorous and opportunistic, eating leaves, buds, seeds, fruit, small vertebrates, and invertebrates.[2] There are 26 species currently recognised.

Etymology

The word bustard comes from the Old French Script error: No such module "Lang". and some other languages: Script error: No such module "Lang". (Portuguese), Script error: No such module "Lang". (Galician), Script error: No such module "Lang". (Spanish) used for the great bustard. The naturalist William Turner listed the English spelling "bustard" and "bistard" in 1544.[3][4]

All of the common names above are derived from Latin Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang". given by Pliny the Elder,[5]Template:Efn these names were mentioned by the Pierre Belon in 1555 and Ulisse Aldrovandi in 1600.[6][7] The word tarda comes from Script error: No such module "Lang". in Latin meaning "slow" and "deliberate",[8] which is apt to describe the typical walking style of the species.[9]

Floricans

Some Indian bustards are also called floricans. The origin of the name is unclear. Thomas C. Jerdon writes in The Birds of India (1862):

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I have not been able to trace the origin of the Anglo-Indian word Florikin, but was once informed that the Little Bustard in Europe was sometimes called Flanderkin. Latham gives the word Flercher as an English name, and this, apparently, has the same origin as Florikin.

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The Hobson-Jobson dictionary, however, casts doubt on this theory stating that

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We doubt if Jerdon has here understood Latham correctly. What Latham writes is, in describing the Passarage Bustard, which, he says, is the size of the Little Bustard: Inhabits India. Called Passarage Plover. ... I find that it is known in India by the name of Oorail; by some of the English called Flercher. (Suppt. to Gen. Synopsis of Birds, 1787, 229). Here we understand the English to be the English in India, and Flercher to be a clerical error for some form of floriken.

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Taxonomy

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The family Otididae was introduced (as Otidia) by the French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1815.[10][11][12] Otididae and before that Otidae come from the genus Otis given to the great bustard by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae in 1758,[13] it comes from the Greek word Script error: No such module "Lang". ōtis.[14][15]

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Family Otididae[16]Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Image Genus Living species
File:Black-bellied Bustard.jpg Lissotis Reichenbach 1848
File:Denham's Bustard (Neotis denhami) (7083219537).jpg Neotis Sharpe 1893
  • Denham's bustard, Neotis denhami (Children & Vigors, 1826)
    • N. d. denhami (Denham's bustard) (Children & Vigors, 1826)
    • N. d. jacksoni (Jackson's bustard) Bannerman, 1930
    • N. d. stanleyi (Stanley bustard) (Gray, 1831)
  • Heuglin's bustard, Neotis heuglinii (Hartlaub, 1859)
  • Ludwig's bustard, Neotis ludwigii (Rüppell, 1837)
  • Nubian bustard, Neotis nuba (Cretzschmar, 1826)
File:Great Indian Bustard from DNP (cropped).jpg Ardeotis Le Maout 1853
  • Arabian bustard, Ardeotis arabs (Linnaeus 1758)
    • A. a. lynesi (Bannerman 1930) (Moroccan bustard)
    • A. a. stieberi (Neumann 1907) (great Arabian bustard)
    • A. a. arabs (Linnaeus 1758)
    • A. a. butleri (Bannerman 1930) (Sudan bustard)
  • Australian bustard, Ardeotis australis (Gray 1829)
  • Great Indian bustard, Ardeotis nigriceps (Vigors 1831)
  • Kori bustard, Ardeotis kori (Burchell 1822)
    • A. k. struthiunculus (Neumann 1907) (northern Kori bustard)
    • A. k. kori (Burchell 1822) (southern Kori bustard)
File:Little Bustard (Tetrax tetrax), Castuera, Extremadura, Spain.jpg Tetrax Forster 1817
File:Drop fúzatý (Otis tarda) (2416576086).jpg Otis Linnaeus 1758
  • †O. bessarabicus Kessler & Gal 1996
  • †O. hellenica Boev, Lazaridis & Tsoukala 2014
  • Great bustard, Otis tarda Linnaeus 1758
    • O. t. tarda Linnaeus 1758 (western great bustard)
    • O. t. dybowskii Taczanowski 1874 (eastern great bustard)
File:Chlamydotis macqueenii.jpg Chlamydotis Lesson 1839
  • †C. affinis (Lydekker 1891a) Brodkorb 1967
  • †C. mesetaria Sánchez Marco 1990
  • MacQueen's bustard, Chlamydotis macqueenii (Gray 1832)[17]
  • Houbara bustard, Chlamydotis undulata (Jacquin 1784)
    • C. u. fuertaventurae (Rothschild & Hartert 1894) (Canary Islands houbara bustard)
    • C. u. undulata (Jacquin 1784) (North African houbara bustard)
File:Bengal Florican Houbaropsis bengalensis bengalensis (cropped).jpg Houbaropsis Sharpe 1893
  • Bengal florican, Houbaropsis bengalensis (Statius Müller 1776) Sharpe 1893
    • H. b. bengalensis (Statius Müller 1776) Sharpe 1893
    • H. b. blandini Delacour 1928
File:Male Lesser Florican (crop).jpg Sypheotides Lesson 1839
File:Red-crested Korhaan (Lophotis ruficrista) male (13799426305), crop.jpg Lophotis Reichenbach 1848
File:Karoo Korhaan (Eupodotis vigorsii) (31800692824).jpg Heterotetrax Sharpe 1894
  • Little brown bustard, Heterotetrax humilis (Blyth 1855)
  • Karoo korhaan, Heterotetrax vigorsii (Smith 1831)
    • H. v. namaqua (Roberts 1932)
    • H. v. vigorsii (Smith 1831)
  • Rüppell's korhaan, Heterotetrax rueppelii (Wahlberg 1856)
    • H. r. fitzsimonsi (Roberts 1937)
    • H. r. rueppelii (Wahlberg 1856)
File:Blue Korhaan (Eupodotis caerulescens) male.jpg Eupodotis Lesson 1839
  • Blue korhaan, Eupodotis caerulescens (Vieillot 1820)
  • White-bellied bustard, Eupodotis senegalensis (Vieillot 1821)
    • E. s. barrowii (Gray 1829) (Barrow's/southern white-bellied bustard)
    • E. s. canicollis (Reichenow 1881) (Somali white-bellied knorhaan)
    • E. s. erlangeri (Reichenow 1905)
    • E. s. mackenziei White 1945
    • E. s. senegalensis (Vieillot 1821) (Senegal bustard)
File:Northern black korhaan (Afrotis afraoides) male.jpg Afrotis Gray 1855
Extinct genera

Description

Bustards are all fairly large with the two largest species, the kori bustard (Ardeotis kori) and the great bustard (Otis tarda), being frequently cited as the world's heaviest flying birds. In both the largest species, large males exceed a weight of Script error: No such module "convert"., weigh around Script error: No such module "convert". on average and can attain a total length of Script error: No such module "convert".. The smallest species is the little brown bustard (Eupodotis humilis), which is around Script error: No such module "convert". long and weighs around Script error: No such module "convert". on average. In most bustards, males are substantially larger than females, often about 30% longer and sometimes more than twice the weight. They are among the most sexually dimorphic groups of birds. In only the floricans is the sexual dimorphism the reverse, with the adult female being slightly larger and heavier than the male.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

The wings have 10 primaries and 16–24 secondary feathers. There are 18–20 feathers in the tail. The plumage is predominantly cryptic.[2]

Behaviour and ecology

Bustards are omnivorous, feeding principally on seeds and invertebrates. They make their nests on the ground, making their eggs and offspring often very vulnerable to predation. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. Most prefer to run or walk over flying. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips, and striking patterns in flight. Many have interesting mating displays, such as inflating throat sacs or elevating elaborate feathered crests. The female lays three to five dark, speckled eggs in a scrape in the ground, and incubates them alone.[18]

Evolution

Genetic dating indicates that bustards evolved c.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 30 million years ago in either southern or eastern Africa from where they dispersed into Eurasia and Australia.[19]

Status and conservation

File:Apajpuszta, Kiskunsági Puszta - 2013.04.13 (32).JPG
Flying bustards – Apajpuszta, Hungary

Bustards are gregarious outside the breeding season, but are very wary and difficult to approach in the open habitats they prefer.[20] Most species are declining or endangered through habitat loss and hunting, even where they are nominally protected.

United Kingdom

The birds were once common and abounded on the Salisbury Plain. They had become rare by 1819 when a large male, surprised by a dog on Newmarket Heath, sold in Leadenhall Market for five guineas.[21] The last bustard in Britain died in approximately 1832, but the bird is being reintroduced through batches of chicks imported from Russia.[20] In 2009, two great bustard chicks were hatched in Britain for the first time in more than 170 years.[22] Reintroduced bustards also hatched chicks in 2010.[23]

Notes

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References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b del Hoyo, J. Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (editors). (1996) Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 3: Hoatzin to Auks. Lynx Edicions. Template:ISBN
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ MacQueen's bustard has recently been split from the houbara bustard as a full species.
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ a b Bota, G., J. Camprodon, S. Mañosa & M.B. Morales (Editores). (2005). Ecology and Conservation of steppe-land birds. Lynx Editions. Barcelona Template:ISBN; 978-84-87334-99-3.
  21. ↑ The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge, Vol.III, London, (1847) Charles Knight, p.963
  22. ↑ Bird Guides 2009. The first Great Bustard chicks in the UK Bird Guides, June 2009.
  23. ↑ Biodiversity Lab 2010. Reintroduced Great Bustards Breed Again Template:Webarchive The Biodiversity Lab, University of Bath.

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Bibliography

  • Bota, Gerard, et al. Ecology and Conservation of Steppe-Land Birds. International Symposium on Ecology and Conservation of Steppe-land birds. Lynx Edicions 2005. 343 pages. Template:ISBN.
  • Template:Cite EB1911
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External links

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