Bristol Jupiter

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Infobox aero engine

The Bristol Jupiter is a British nine-cylinder single-row piston radial engine that was built by the Bristol Aeroplane Company. Originally designed late in World War I and known as the Cosmos Jupiter, a lengthy series of upgrades and developments turned it into one of the finest engines of its era.

The Jupiter was widely used on many aircraft designs during the 1920s and 1930s. Thousands of Jupiters of all versions were produced, both by Bristol and abroad under licence.

A turbo-supercharged version of the Jupiter known as the Orion suffered development problems and only a small number were produced. The "Orion" name was later re-used by Bristol for an unrelated turboprop engine.

The Bristol Jupiter was licensed by the Soviet Union as the Shvetsov M-22.

Design and development

The Jupiter was designed during World War I by Roy Fedden of Brazil Straker and later Cosmos Engineering. The first Jupiter was completed by Brazil Straker in 1918 and featured three carburettors, each one feeding three of the engine's nine cylinders via a spiral deflector housed inside the induction chamber.[1] During the rapid downscaling of military spending after the war, Cosmos Engineering became bankrupt in 1920, and was eventually purchased by the Bristol Aeroplane Company on the strengths of the Jupiter design and the encouragement of the Air Ministry.[2] The engine matured into one of the most reliable on the market. It was the first air-cooled engine to pass the Air Ministry full-throttle test, the first to be equipped with automatic boost control, and the first to be fitted to airliners.[3]

The Jupiter was a fairly standard design but featured four valves per cylinder, which was uncommon at the time. The cylinders were machined from steel forgings, and the cast cylinder heads were later replaced with aluminium alloy following studies by the Royal Aircraft Establishment. In 1927, a change was made to a forged head design due to the rejection rate of the castings. The Jupiter VII introduced a mechanically-driven supercharger. The Jupiter VIII was the first to be fitted with reduction gears.[4]

In 1925, Fedden started designing a replacement for the Jupiter using a shorter stroke to increase the revolutions per minute (rpm), and included a supercharger to increase power, resulting in the Bristol Mercury of 1927. Applying the same techniques to the original Jupiter-sized engine in 1927 resulted in the Bristol Pegasus. Neither engine would fully replace the Jupiter for a few years.

In 1926 a Jupiter-engined Bristol Bloodhound with the registration G-EBGG completed an endurance flight of Script error: No such module "convert"., during which the Jupiter ran for a total of 225 hours and 54 minutes without failure or replacement.[5]

Licensed production

The Jupiter saw widespread use in licensed versions, with fourteen countries eventually producing the engine. In France, Gnome-Rhone produced a version known as the Gnome-Rhône 9 Jupiter that was used in several local civilian designs, as well as achieving some export success. Siemens-Halske took out a licence in Germany and produced several versions of increasing power, eventually resulting in the Bramo 323 Fafnir, which saw use in German wartime aircraft.[6]

In Japan, the Jupiter was licence-built from 1924 by Nakajima, forming the basis of its own subsequent radial aero-engine design, the Nakajima Ha-1 Kotobuki.[7] It was produced in Poland as the PZL Bristol Jupiter, in Italy as the Alfa Romeo 126-RC35,[8] and in Czechoslovakia by Walter Engines. The most produced version was in the Soviet Union, where its Shvetsov M-22 version powered the initial Type 4 version of the Polikarpov I-16 (55 units produced). Type 4 Polikarpovs can be identified by their lack of exhaust stubs, rounded NACA cowling and lack of cowling shutters, features which were introduced on the Shvetsov M-25 powered Type 5 and later variants (total production 4,500+ units).[9][10] Production started in 1918 and ceased in 1930.

Variants

The Jupiter was produced in many variants, one of which was the Bristol Orion of 1926. Metallurgy problems with this turbo-supercharged engine caused the project to be abandoned after only nine engines had been built.[11]

Brazil Straker (Cosmos) Jupiter I
(1918) Script error: No such module "convert".; only two engines assembled.
Cosmos Jupiter II
(1918) Script error: No such module "convert".; a single engine assembled.
Bristol Jupiter II
(1923) Script error: No such module "convert"..
Bristol Jupiter III
(1923) Script error: No such module "convert"..
File:BristolJupiter.JPG
Bristol Jupiter VII on display at the Shuttleworth Collection
Bristol Jupiter IV
(1926) Script error: No such module "convert".; fitted with variable valve timing and a Bristol Triplex carburettor.
Bristol Jupiter V
(1925) Script error: No such module "convert"..
Bristol Jupiter VI
(1927) Script error: No such module "convert".; produced in both high- (6.3:1) and low- (5.3:1) compression ratio versions.
Bristol Jupiter VIA
(1927) Script error: No such module "convert".; civil version of Jupiter VI.
Bristol Jupiter VIFH
(1932) Script error: No such module "convert".; version of Jupiter VI equipped with gas starter motor.
Bristol Jupiter VIFL
(1932) Script error: No such module "convert".; version of Jupiter VI with compression ratio of 5.15:1.
Bristol Jupiter VIFM
(1932) Script error: No such module "convert".; version of Jupiter VI with compression ratio of 5.3:1.
Bristol Jupiter VIFS
(1932) Script error: No such module "convert".; version of Jupiter VI with compression ratio of 6.3:1.
Bristol Jupiter VII
(1928) Script error: No such module "convert".; fitted with supercharger, with compression ratio of 5.3:1; also manufactured by Gnome-Rhone as the 9ASB.
Bristol Jupiter VIIF
(1929) Script error: No such module "convert".; version of Jupiter VII with forged cylinder heads.
File:Bristol Jupiter VIIIF 2.jpg
Preserved Bristol Jupiter VIIIF
Bristol Jupiter VIIFP
(1930) Script error: No such module "convert".; version of Jupiter VII with pressure feed lubrication to wrist-pins.
Bristol Jupiter VIII
(1929) Script error: No such module "convert".; first version with propeller reduction gearing;[12] compression ratio 6.3:1.
Bristol Jupiter VIIIF
(1929) Script error: No such module "convert".; version of Jupiter VIII with forged cylinder heads and lowered compression ratio (5.8:1).
Bristol Jupiter VIIIFP
(1929) Script error: No such module "convert".; version of Jupiter VIII with pressure feed lubrication (time between overhauls at this stage in development was only 150 hours due to multiple failures).
File:Air-cooled 9-cylinder Cosmos-Bristol Jupiter IX radial engine (Ans 05338-02-181-AL-FL).jpg
Jupiter IX
Bristol Jupiter IX
Script error: No such module "convert".; compression ratio 5.3:1.
Bristol Jupiter IXF
Script error: No such module "convert".; version of Jupiter IX with forged cylinder heads
Bristol Jupiter X
Script error: No such module "convert".; compression ratio 5.3:1.
Bristol Jupiter XF
Script error: No such module "convert".; version of Jupiter X with forged cylinder heads
Bristol Jupiter XFA
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Bristol Jupiter XFAM
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Bristol Jupiter XFBM
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Bristol Jupiter XFS
Fully supercharged.
Bristol Jupiter XI
Compression ratio 5.15:1.
Bristol Jupiter XIF
Script error: No such module "convert".; compression ratio 5.15:1.
Bristol Jupiter XIFA
Script error: No such module "convert".; version of Jupiter XIF with 0.656:1 propeller gear reduction ratio
Bristol Jupiter XIFP
Script error: No such module "convert".; version of Jupiter XIF with pressure feed lubrication.
Bristol Orion I
(1926) Jupiter III, turbo-supercharged, abandoned programme.
Gnome-Rhône 9A Jupiter
French licence production primarily of 9A, 9Aa, 9Ab, 9Ac, 9Akx and 9Ad variants.
Siemens-Halske Sh20, Sh21 and Sh22

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Siemens-Halske took out a licence in Germany and produced several versions of increasing power, eventually resulting in the Bramo 323 Fafnir, which saw use in wartime models.
Nakajima Kotobuki

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In Japan, the Jupiter was licence-built from 1924 by Nakajima.
PZL Bristol Jupiter
Polish production.
Alfa Romeo Jupiter

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Italian licence production, Script error: No such module "convert"..
Alfa 126 R.C.35

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Alfa Romeo developed variant
Walter Jupiter
Licence production in Czechoslovakia by Walter Engines
Shvetsov M-22
The most produced version; manufactured in the Soviet Union.
IAM 9AD Jupiter
Licence production of the Gnome-Rhône 9A in Yugoslavia
SABCA Jupiter
licensed production in Belgium by SABCA (Société Anonyme Belge de Constructions Aéronautiques)
Piaggio-Jupiter
Licensed production by Piaggio

Applications

The Jupiter is probably best known for powering the Handley Page H.P.42 airliners, which flew the London-Paris route in the 1930s. Other civilian uses included the de Havilland Giant Moth and de Havilland Hercules, the Junkers G 31 and the huge Dornier Do X flying boat, which used no less than twelve engines.

Military uses were less common, but included the parent company's Bristol Bulldog, as well as the Gloster Gamecock and Boulton Paul Sidestrand. It was also found in prototypes around the world, from Japan to Sweden.

By 1929 the Bristol Jupiter had flown in 262 different aircraft types,[13] Template:Citation needed span

Note:[14]

Cosmos Jupiter

Bristol Jupiter

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Gnome-Rhône Jupiter

Shvetsov M-22

Engines on display

Specifications (Jupiter XFA)

Data from Lumsden[19]

General characteristics

  • Type: Nine-cylinder, naturally aspirated, air-cooled radial engine
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  • Displacement: 1,753 in3 (28.7 L)
  • Diameter: 54.5 in (1,384 mm)
  • Dry weight: 995 lb (451 kg)

Components

  • Valvetrain: Overhead poppet valve, four valves per cylinder, two intake and two exhaust
  • Supercharger: Single speed, single stage
  • Fuel type: 73-77 octane petrol
  • Cooling system: Air-cooled

Performance

  • Power output: * 550 hp (414 kW) at 2,200 rpm at 11,000 ft (3,350 m) - maximum power limited to five minutes operation.
  • 525 hp (391 kW) at 2,000 rpm - maximum continuous power at 11,000 ft (3,350 m)
  • 483 hp (360 kW) at 2,000 rpm - takeoff power
  • Specific power: 0.31 hp/in3 (14.4 kW/L)
  • Compression ratio: 5.3:1
  • Power-to-weight ratio: 0.55 hp/lb (0.92 kW/kg)

See also

Related development

Comparable engines

Related lists

References

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  1. ↑ Flight 9 March 1939, pp.236-237
  2. ↑ Gunston 1989, p.44.
  3. ↑ Gunston 1989, p.31.
  4. ↑ Bridgman (Jane's) 1998, p.270.
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Gunston 1989, p.29.
  7. ↑ Gunston 1989, p.104.
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Gunston 1989, p.158.
  11. ↑ Lumsden 2003, p.101.
  12. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ British aircraft list from Lumsden, the Jupiter may not be the main powerplant for these types
  15. ↑ OKB YAKOVLEV, Yefim Gordon, Dmitriy Komissarov, Sergey Komissarov, 2005, Midland Publishing pp 28-29
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Lumsden 2003, p.96.

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Bibliography

  • Bridgman, L. (ed.) Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II. New York: Crescent Books, 1998. Template:ISBN
  • Lumsden, Alec. British Piston Engines and their Aircraft. Marlborough, Wiltshire: Airlife Publishing, 2003. Template:ISBN.
  • Gunston, Bill. Development of Piston Aero Engines. Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 2006. Template:ISBN
  • Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines. Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 1989. Template:ISBN
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

Further reading

  • Gunston, Bill. By Jupiter! The Life of Sir Roy Fedden. The Johns Hopkins University Press.

External links

Template:Sister project

Template:Cosmos aeroengines Template:BristolAeroengines Template:Alfa Romeo aeroengines Template:Gnome-Rhône aeroengines Template:Walter aeroengines

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