Brazilian currency
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There have been nine different units of Brazilian currency in sequence over the country's history:[1][2][3][4][5] the Portuguese and first Brazilian real (plural réis); 3 different types of cruzeiros; the cruzado; the novo cruzado; the cruzeiro real, and since 1994, the second incarnation of the Brazilian real (plural reais), with the symbol R$ and the ISO code BRL.
Historical currencies
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(2nd cruzeiro - second family, issued between 1981 and 1984)
While Portuguese settlers used Réis coins from Portugal, Dutch settlers occupying Northeastern Brazil used guilders. In 1645, the colony faced an economic crisis and, with a lack of financial support from the mainland and the need to pay for troops fighting Portuguese settlers, the local Dutch administration struck the first ever coins in Brazilian land, repurposing gold coming from the Dutch Guinea.[6] A few years later, in 1654, in an increasingly worse situation, coins were again minted to pay off debt, but this time with silver from the administrators' own coffers.[6]
| Introduction | Withdrawal | Duration | Name | Symbol | ISO | Conversion | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | — | — | Portuguese Real | RsTemplate:Efn | N/A | In the Portuguese Empire and in Brazil until 1942, the symbol "Rs" or "Rs." was prefixed to the amount, and additionally the double-stroke dollar sign "Template:Dollar2" (cifrão) was used as a thousands separator in amounts greater than 999 réis. If the last three digits were "000", they would sometimes be omitted. If the cifrão was present, the "Rs." was commonly omitted too. Thus "Rs 123Template:Dollar2500" meant "Template:Thinspace réis", and "123Template:Dollar2" meant "Template:Thinspace" réis. | |
| 12 October 1822 | [7] | Template:Time interval | Real (old, pl. réis) | = 1 Portuguese real | There isn't an official or exact date for the transition from Portuguese réis to Brazilian réis. Brazil became independent on 12 October 1822, and the first coin minted in the new country, known as the coronation piece, was minted in that same year (1822), exclusively tn Brazil, to commemorate Pedro I's coronation.[8] While the Portuguese real may have continued to be legal tender in Brazil, the Brazilian real became a separate currency at that point. | ||
| 1 November 1942[7] | [9] | Template:Time interval | Cruzeiro (first) | Cr$Template:Efn | = 1,000 réis | ||
| 13 February 1967[9] | 30 June 1972[10] | Template:Time interval | Cruzeiro novo | NCr$Template:Efn | = 1,000 cruzeiros | ||
| 15 May 1970[10] | Template:Time interval | Cruzeiro (second) | Cr$Template:Efn | BRB | = 1 cruzeiro novo | Change of name of the cruzeiro novo. Not a new currency.[11] | |
| 27 February 1986 | Template:Time interval | Cruzado | Cz$ | BRC | = 1,000 cruzeiros | ||
| 15 January 1989 | Template:Time interval | Cruzado novo | NCz$ | BRN | = 1,000 cruzados | ||
| 16 March 1990 | Template:Time interval | Cruzeiro (third) | Cr$Template:Efn | BRE | = 1 cruzado novo | ||
| 1 August 1993 | Template:Time interval | Cruzeiro real | CR$ | BRR | = 1,000 cruzeiros | ||
| 1 July 1994 | (still in use) | Template:Time interval | Real (new, pl. reais) | R$ | BRL | = 2,750 cruzeiros reais |
Note that the dates of various currencies overlap. For example, the cruzeiro novo was still legal tender for 2 years after the second cruzeiro was introduced.
Not considering inflation, one modern Brazilian real is equivalent to 2,750,000,000,000,000,000 times the old real, that is, Script error: No such module "val". (2.75 quintillion) réis.
Before leaving Brazil in 1821, the Portuguese royal court withdrew all the bullion currency it could from banks in exchange for what would become worthless bond notes;[12][13]
Banknotes
The following tables indicate what banknotes were present in each of the currencies of Brazil, except for the provisional issues of banknotes to exchange gold in the colonial period:
| Symbol | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Template:Ya | Currency had a banknote with this face value |
| Template:Na | Currency did not have a banknote with this face value |
| Template:MaybeCheck | Currency had legal tender with this face value in the form of an overstamped banknote from the previous currency |
| Template:Nan | Currency had a project to launch a banknote, but it never came into circulation |
No single face value has been present in all historical Brazilian banknotes. For example, a face value of 100 is missing from the old real (as its lowest denomination of banknote is 500 Rs) and from the provisional cruzeiro novo (as its only banknotes were overstamps of the first cruzeiro, and the highest denomination was NCr$10). It is, however, present in all the other currencies.
Coins
The following tables indicate what coins were present in each of the currencies of Brazil, with the exception of réis:Template:Efn
| Symbol | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Template:Ya | Currency had a circulating coin with this face value |
| Template:Na | Currency did not have any coin with this face value |
| Template:Yan | Currency had legal tender with this face value in the form of a non-circulating commemorative coin |
| Template:MaybeCheck | The currency took advantage of coins of the previous standard was issued coins in such values |
| Template:Nan | Currency had a project to launch a coin, but it never came into circulation |
Template:Scrolling table/top Template:Scrolling table/mid ! 0.01 !! 0.02 !! 0.05 !! 0.10 !! 0.20 !! 0.25 !! 0.50 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 10 !! 20 !! 50 !! 100 !! 200 !! 300 !! 500 !! 1,000 !! 2,000 !! 5,000 |- | Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Ya || Template:Ya || Template:Na || Template:Ya || Template:Ya || Template:Ya || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Ya || Template:Ya || Template:Ya || Template:Ya || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na |- | Template:Ya || Template:Ya || Template:Ya || Template:Ya || Template:Ya || Template:Na || Template:Ya || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na |- | Template:MaybeCheck || Template:MaybeCheck || Template:MaybeCheck || Template:MaybeCheck || Template:MaybeCheck || Template:Na || Template:MaybeCheck || Template:Ya || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Ya || Template:Ya || Template:Ya || Template:Ya || Template:Ya || Template:Ya || Template:Yan || Template:Ya || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na |- | Template:Ya || Template:Na || Template:Ya || Template:Ya || Template:Ya || Template:Na || Template:Ya || Template:Ya || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Ya || Template:Ya || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Yan Template:Efn || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na |- | Template:Ya || Template:Na || Template:Ya || Template:Ya || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Ya || Template:Ya || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Yan || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na |- | Template:MaybeCheck || Template:Na || Template:MaybeCheck || Template:MaybeCheck || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:MaybeCheck || Template:Ya || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Ya || Template:Ya || Template:Na || Template:Ya || Template:Ya || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Ya || Template:Ya || Template:Yan || Template:Ya |- | Template:Nan || Template:Na || Template:Nan || Template:Nan || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Nan || Template:Nan || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Ya || Template:Ya || Template:Na || Template:Ya || Template:Ya || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na |- | Template:Ya || Template:Na || Template:Ya || Template:Ya || Template:Na || Template:Ya || Template:Ya || Template:Ya || Template:Yan || Template:Yan || Template:Yan || Template:Yan || Template:Yan || Template:Yan || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na || Template:Na Template:Scrolling table/end
No single face value has been present in all historical Brazilian coins. For example, a face value of 1 is missing from the cruzeiro novo (as its highest denomination of coin is NCr$0.50 because it's a transitory monetary standard between the cruzeiro issued between 1942 and 1967 and the cruzeiro issued after 1970) and from the old real and the cruzeiro real (as their lowest denomination of coin is 5 Rs and CR$5, respectively). It is, however, present in all the other currencies:
- Historical Brazilian coins with face value of 1
-
₢$1 (first cruzeiro/aluminium coinage 1957-1961)
-
NCr$1 (second cruzeiro/second family 1979-1984)
-
Cz$1
-
NCz$1
-
Cr$1 (third cruzeiro - 1990)
-
R$1
Notes
References
- ↑ Banco Central do Brasil (2005) "Cruzeiro". Accessed on 2021-08-15.
- ↑ "A friend from Rio de Janeiro (1986): "Museum of Money, Talk of the Town" New Yorker magazine, February 10, 1986. Archived, accessed on 2021-08-15.
- ↑ "БОНИСТИЧЕСКИЙ КАТАЛОГ БРАЗИЛИИ" ("Paper money of Brazil"; in Russian)
- ↑ Krause, Chester L. and Clifford Mishler (1991): Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1801–1991 (18th ed.). Krause Publications. Template:Isbn
- ↑ Pick, Albert (1994): Standard Catalog of World Paper Money: General Issues. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (7th ed.). Krause Publications. Template:Isbn
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Getúlio Vargas and A. de Souza Costa (1942): Decreto-Lei N. 4.791 - de 5 de outbro de 1942. Diário Oficial (Seção 1), issue published 1942-10-06, page 14899.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Conselho Monetário Nacional do Brasil (1967): "Ata da 68a Sessão, realizada em 8.2.1967" (including creation of the new currency novo cruzeiro, page 2. Available at the website of the Casa da Moeda do Brasil. Accessed on 2021-08-15. Quote": "Tomou-se como abreviatura da nova moeda o símbolo NCr$, objetivando economia de despesas com as modificações dos teclados das máquinas de escrever, nacionais ou estrangeiras, em uso no Brasil, que já possuem a tecla Cr$".
- ↑ a b Central Bank of Brazil (1970): "Resolução Nº 144 of 31.3.1970" on change from cruzeiro novo to cruzeiro. Website of the Central Bank of Brazil; accessed on 2021-07-06.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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