Bonne projection

Bonne projection of the world, standard parallel at 45°N.

File:Bonne with Tissot's Indicatrices of Distortion.svg

Bonne projection with Tissot's indicatrix of deformation.

World map by Bernard Sylvanus, 1511

The Bonne projection is a pseudoconical equal-area map projection, sometimes called a dépôt de la guerre,^[1]Template:Rp modified Flamsteed,^[1]Template:Rp or a Sylvanus projection.^[1]Template:Rp Although named after Rigobert Bonne (1727–1795), the projection was in use prior to his birth, by Sylvanus in 1511, Honter in 1561, De l'Isle before 1700 and Coronelli in 1696. Both Sylvanus and Honter's usages were approximate, however, and it is not clear they intended to be the same projection.^[1]Template:Rp

The Bonne projection maintains accurate shapes of areas along the central meridian and the standard parallel, but progressively distorts away from those regions. Thus, it best maps "t"-shaped regions. It has been used extensively for maps of Europe and Asia.^[1]Template:Rp

The projection is defined as:

\begin{aligned} x & = ρ \sin E \\ y & = \cot φ_{1} - ρ \cos E \end{aligned}

where

\begin{aligned} ρ & = \cot φ_{1} + φ_{1} - φ \\ E & = \frac{(λ - λ_{0}) \cos φ}{ρ} \end{aligned}

and φ is the latitude, λ is the longitude, λ₀ is the longitude of the central meridian, and φ₁ is the standard parallel of the projection.^[2]

Parallels of latitude are concentric circular arcs, and the scale is true along these arcs. On the central meridian and the standard latitude shapes are not distorted.

The inverse projection is given by:

\begin{aligned} φ & = \cot φ_{1} + φ_{1} - ρ \\ λ & = λ_{0} + \frac{ρ}{\cos φ} \arctan (\frac{x}{\cot φ_{1} - y}) \end{aligned}

where

ρ = \pm \sqrt{x^{2} + {(\cot φ_{1} - y)}^{2}}

taking the sign of φ₁.

Special cases of the Bonne projection include the sinusoidal projection, when φ₁ is zero (i.e. the Equator), and the Werner projection, when φ₁ is 90° (i.e. the North or South Pole). The Bonne projection can be seen as an intermediate projection in the unwinding of a Werner projection into a Sinusoidal projection; an alternative intermediate would be a Bottomley projection.^[3]