Bhadrabāhu

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "other uses". Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use Indian English Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherTemplate:Wikidata imageScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Template:Compare Script error: No such module "Sidebar". Ācārya Bhadrabāhu (c. 367 – c. 298 BC) was, according to both the Śvetāmbara and Digambara sects of Jainism, the last Shruta Kevalin (all knowing by hearsay, that is indirectly) in Jainism.[1][2][3]

According to the Digambara tradition, he was the spiritual teacher of Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Maurya Empire.Template:Sfn According to the Digambara sect of Jainism, there were five Shruta Kevalins in Jainism – Govarddhana Mahamuni, Vishnu, Nandimitra, Aparajita and Bhadrabahu.Template:Sfn

According to the Śvetāmbara tradition, he was the author of the holy Kalpa Sūtra,[4] which describes the life of Mahavira and other Tirthankaras. It also lists down a Sthaviravali (a succession list of the names of the head of the Jain monastic order according to Śvetāmbaras, starting with Mahavira's Ganadhara (disciple) Sudharmaswami).[5] Śvetāmbaras consider Bhadrabahusuri to be a Sthavirkalpi monk (as described in the Ācārāṅga Sūtra, the Kalpa Sūtra, and the Sthananga Sutra), and thus, white-clad. Śvetāmbaras also consider him to have had been a Shruta Kevalin.

Early life

File:MET DP154821.jpg
Bhadrabahuswami

Bhadrabahu was born in Pundravardhana (roughly equivalent to modern North Bengal[6]) to a Brahmin family[7] during which time the secondary capital of the Mauryas was Ujjain. When he was seven, Govarddhana Mahamuni predicted that he will be the last Shruta Kevali and took him along for his initial education.Template:Sfn According to Śvētāmbara tradition, he lived from 433 BC to 357 BC.Template:Sfn Digambara tradition dates him to have died in 365 BC.Template:Sfn Natubhai Shah dated him from 322 to 243 BC.Template:Sfn

Yasobhadra (351-235 BC), leader of the religious order reorganised by Mahavira, had two principle disciples, Sambhutavijaya (347-257 BC) and Bhadrabahu.Template:Sfn After his death the religious order was led by Sambhutivijaya. After Sambhutivijaya's death, Bhadrabahu became the head of the monastic order.Template:Sfn

Digambara biography and explanation of sixteen dreams of Chandragupta

File:Bhadrabahu Goopha on Chandragiri.JPG
Bhadrabahu Guha on Chandragiri

The Digambara sect believes that on the night of full moon in the month of Kartik, Chandragupta Maurya (founder and ruler of Maurya Empire) saw sixteen dreams, which were then explained to him by Acharya Bhadrabahu.Template:Sfn

Template:Static row numbers

Dream of Chandragupta Explanation by Bhadrabahu
The sun setting All the knowledge will be darkened
A branch of the Kalpavriksha break off and fall Decline of Jainism and Chandragupta's successors won't be initiated
A divine car descending in the sky and returning The heavenly beings will not visit Bharata Kshetra
The disk of the moon sundered Jainism will be split into two sects
Black elephants fighting Lesser rains and poorer crops
Fireflies shining in the twilight True knowledge will be lost, few sparks will glimmer with feeble light
A dried up lake Aryakhanda will be destitute of Jain doctrines and falsehood will increase
Smoke filling all the air Evil will start to prevail and goodness will be hidden
An ape sitting on a throne Vile, low-born, wicked will acquire power
A dog eating the payasa out of a golden bowl Kings, not content with a sixth share, will introduce land-rent and oppress their subjects by increasing it
Young bulls labouring Young will form religious purposes, but forsake them when old
Kshatriya boys riding donkeys Kings of high descent will associate with the base
Monkeys scaring away swans The low will torment the noble and try to reduce them to same level
Calves jumping over the sea King will assist in oppressing the people by levying unlawful taxes
Foxes pursuing old oxen The low, with hollow compliments, will get rid of the noble, the good and the wise
A twelve-headed serpent approaching Twelve year of death and famine will come upon this landTemplate:Sfn
File:Djtradition marhiaji.jpg
Stella showing the transmission of the oral tradition (Photo: Marhiaji, Jabalpur)

Bhadrabahu was in Nepal for a 12-year penitential vow when the Pataliputra conference took place in 300 BC to put together the Jain canon anew. Bhadrabahu decided the famine would make it harder for monks to survive and migrated with a group of twelve thousand disciples to South India,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn bringing with him Chandragupta, turned Digambar monk.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

According to the inscriptions at Shravanabelgola, Bhadrabahu died after taking the vow of sallekhana (Fast until death).Template:Sfn

File:Jain Inscription.jpg
Late inscription at Shravanabelagola describing the incoming of Bhadrabahu and Chandragupta Maurya

"Digambara monks belong to the lineage of Acharya Vishakha and Śvetāmbara monks follow the tradition of Acharya Sthulabhadra.Template:Sfn However, the theory that the schism occurred at that time has not been historically proven.

Avashyak Bhashya, a 5th-century Śvetāmbara text written by Jinabhadra claims that the Śvetāmbara sect had always existed and that the Digambara sect was created by a rebellious monk named Sivabhuti.[8][9][10]

Śvetāmbara biography

According to Śvetāmbaras, Bhadrabahusuri was the author of the Kalpa Sūtra,Template:Sfn four Chedda sutras, the niryukti collection on ten scriptures,[11] and Uvasaggaharam Stotra.Template:Sfn[7] The 10 niryuktis authored by him are: -

  1. Āvaśyaka-Niryukti
  2. Daśavaikālika-Niryukti
  3. Uttarādhyayana-Niryukti
  4. Āchārāṅga-Niryukti
  5. Sutrakritanga-Niryukti
  6. Daśāśrutaskandha-Niryukti
  7. Kalpa-Niryukti
  8. Vyavahāra-Niryukti
  9. Sūryaprajnapti-Niryukti
  10. Ṛṣibhāṣita-Niryukti

Śvetāmbaras believe Bhadrabahu's principle disciples were Sthavir Godas, Sthavir Agnidatt, Sthavir Yagnadatt, and Sthavir Somdatt. However, in the Pattavali of Kalpa Sūtra, he is said to have been succeeded by Acharya Sthulabhadrasuri.

File:Ārya Sthūlabhadra idol at Khaḍākhoṭadī no Pāḍo Jaina Temple at Patan, Gujarat (India).jpg
14th century Ārya Sthūlabhadra idol at the Khaḍākhoṭadī no Pāḍo Jaina Temple at Patan

He is believed to have been a Sthavirkalpi monk and white-clad as Śvetāmbaras believe that the only other way for monks (known as Jinakalpa) or the practice of being a Jinakalpi monk had become extinct after Jambuswami attained nirvana.[12][13] Therefore, Śvetāmbaras hold that he was Sthavirkalpi and thus, white-clad.

Śvetāmbaras believe that Bhadrabāhu is the author of the following texts within the official Śvetāmbaras scriptural canon (typically consisting of 45 texts).[14]

  • Vyavahāra (3rd Chedasūtra)
  • 8th chapter of Daśāśrutaskandha (4th Chedasūtra)
  • Kappa (5th Chedasūtra)
  • Piṇḍaniryukti (4th Mūlasūtra)
  • Oghaniryukti


Legacy

Regarding the inscriptions describing the relation of Bhadrabahu and Chandragupta Maurya, Radha Kumud Mookerji writes,<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

The oldest inscription of about 600 AD associated "the pair (yugma), Bhadrabahu along with Chandragupta Muni." Two inscriptions of about 900 AD on the Kaveri near Seringapatam describe the summit of a hill called Chandragiri as marked by the footprints of Bhadrabahu and Chandragupta munipati. A Shravanabelagola inscription of 1129 mentions Bhadrabahu "Shrutakevali", and Chandragupta who acquired such merit that he was worshipped by the forest deities. Another inscription of 1163 similarly couples and describes them. A third inscription of the year 1432 speaks of Yatindra Bhadrabahu, and his disciple Chandragupta, the fame of whose penance spread into other words.Template:Sfn

— Template:Comma separated entries

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Bhadrabahu-charitra was written by Ratnanandi of about 1450 AD.Template:Sfn

See also

Sthulabhadra

References

Citations

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  10. ↑ Sthulabhadra, Ganesh Lalwani, Jain Journal, April 1985, p. 152
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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Sources

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Further reading

  • Bhadrabāhu. Āvaśyakaniryukti with Haribhadra’s commentary (reprint of Āgamodaya Samiti edition), vol. 1, Bombay, 1981.
  • Bhadrabāhu. Kalpasūtra, ed. Hermann Jacobi, Leipzig, 1879.

External links

Template:Jain Gurus Template:Jainism topics Template:Authority control

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