Foreign relations of Belgium

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Script error: No such module "Sidebar". Belgium is a country in Europe and member of major international organizations like the European Union and NATO which are both headquartered in Brussels, Belgium.

As a federal state, the Communities and Regions have their own foreign relations and are able to conclude treaties themselves.

Initial neutrality

Because of its location at the crossroads of Western Europe, Belgium has historically been the route of invading armies from its larger neighbours. With virtually defenceless borders, Belgium has traditionally sought to avoid domination by the more powerful nations which surround it through a policy of mediation. The Concert of Europe sanctioned the creation of Belgium in 1831 on the condition that the country remain strictly neutral.

This policy of neutrality ended after the experience of German occupation during World War I. In the years preceding World War II, Belgium tried to return to a policy of neutrality, but once again, Germany invaded the country. In 1948, Belgium signed the Treaty of Brussels with the United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg, and one year later became one of the founding members of the Atlantic Alliance.

Belgium's federalism and international relations

A peculiar feature of Belgian federalism is the fact that the country's Communities and Regions maintain their own international relations, including the conclusion of treaties. Thus, there are a number of bilateral Dutch-Flemish international institutions, such as the Dutch Language Union or the institutions for the control of the river Scheldt, in which only Flanders takes part. Likewise, only the French Community of Belgium takes part in La Francophonie. For instance, UNV's Online Volunteering service received a financial contribution from the Federal Public Service (FPS) Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation of the Kingdom of Belgium for the years 2013 and 2014 to support the outreach to the francophone world and the promotion of volunteerism.[1]

International disputes

Belgium has resorted several times to international dispute settlement, notably in cases at both the International Court of Justice and the Permanent Court of Arbitration with the Netherlands concerning the diversion of water from the Meuse (1937) the frontier at the enclave of Baarle-Hertog (1959) and the revitalisation of the so-called Iron Rhine railroad (2005). There have been other points of contention with the Netherlands, such as the deepening of the river Scheldt or the route for the high-speed rail link between Brussels and Amsterdam. This does however not influence the overall amicable character of Belgo-Dutch relationship.

Other former cases at international courts between Belgium and other countries are — in chronological order — the Oscar Chinn Case of 1934 (with the United Kingdom, the Borghgrave Case of 1937 (with Spain), the cases of the electricity company of Sofia of 1939 (with Bulgaria), the case of the "société commerciale de Belgique" of 1939 (with Greece), the case concerning the Barcelona Traction Company of 1970 (with Spain), the arrest warrant case of 2002 (with the Democratic Republic of the Congo) and the case concerning legality of use of force of 2004 (with Serbia and Montenegro).

The arrest warrant case of 2002 was caused by the application of Belgium's so called genocide law, providing for universal jurisdiction over the gravest international crimes. The same law stirred relations with, amongst others, Israel and the United States, since complaints were filed against high-ranking politicians and officials of both countries. The law was therefore repealed in 2003.

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Belgium maintains diplomatic relations with:

File:Diplomatic relations of Belgium.svg
# Country Date
1 File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom Template:Dts[2]
2 File:Flag of France.svg France Template:Dts[3]
3 File:Flag of the United States.svg United States Template:Dts[4]
4 File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil Template:DTS[5]
— File:Flag of Vatican City (2023–present).svg Holy See Template:Dts[6]
5 File:Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal Template:Dts[7]
6 File:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden Template:Dts[8]
7 File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark Template:Dts[9]
8 File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico Template:Dts[10]
9 File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece Template:Dts[11]
10 File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands Template:Dts[11]
11 File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland Template:Dts[12]
12 File:Flag of Peru.svg Peru Template:Dts[13]
13 File:Flag of Bolivia.svg Bolivia Template:Dts[14]
14 File:Flag of Guatemala.svg Guatemala Template:Dts[14]
15 File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy Template:Dts[15]
16 File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia Template:Dts[16]
17 File:Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[17]
18 File:Flag of Honduras (2022-).svg Honduras Template:Dts[18]
19 File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua Template:Dts[19]
20 File:Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica Template:Dts[20]
21 File:Flag of Chile.svg Chile Template:Dts[21]
22 File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina Template:DTS[22]
23 File:Flag of Paraguay.svg Paraguay Template:Dts[23]
24 File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[24]
25 File:Flag of Liberia.svg Liberia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[25]
26 File:Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia Template:DTS[26]
27 File:Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador Template:Dts[27]
28 File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria Template:Dts[28]
29 File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania Template:Dts[29]
30 File:Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela Template:Dts[30]
31 File:Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand Template:Dts[31]
32 File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia Template:Dts[32]
33 File:Flag of El Salvador.svg El Salvador Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[33]
34 File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[34]
35 File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg Template:Dts[35]
36 File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran Template:DTS[36]
37 File:Flag of Haiti.svg Haiti Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[37]
38 File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba Template:Dts[38]
39 File:Flag of Norway.svg Norway Template:Dts[39]
40 File:Flag of Panama.svg Panama Template:Dts[40]
41 File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland Template:Dts[41]
42 File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic Template:Dts[42]
43 File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland Template:Dts[43]
44 File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria Template:Dts[44]
45 File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain Template:Dts[45]
46 File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary Template:Dts[46]
47 File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[47]
48 File:Flag of Afghanistan (2013–2021).svg Afghanistan Template:Dts[48]
49 File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia Template:Dts[49]
50 File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey Template:Dts[50]
51 File:Flag of Monaco.svg Monaco Template:Dts[51]
52 File:Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland Template:Dts[52]
53 File:Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa Template:Dts[53]
54 File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada Template:Dts[54]
55 File:Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon Template:Dts[55]
56 File:Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland Template:Dts[56]
57 File:Flag of the Syrian revolution.svg Syria Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[57]
58 File:Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines Template:Dts[58]
59 File:Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq Template:Dts[59]
60 File:Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan Template:Dts[60]
61 File:Flag of India.svg India Template:Dts[61]
62 File:Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[62]
63 File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[63]
64 File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[64]
65 File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel Template:Dts[65]
66 File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia Template:Dts[66]
67 File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany Template:Dts[67]
68 File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka Template:Dts[68]
69 File:Flag of Myanmar.svg Myanmar Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[69]
70 File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia Template:Dts[70]
71 File:Flag of Libya.svg Libya Template:Dts[71]
72 File:Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan Template:Dts[72]
73 File:Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco Template:Dts[73]
74 File:Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia Template:Dts[74]
75 File:Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia Template:Dts[75][76]
76 File:Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana Template:Dts[77]
77 File:Flag of Guinea.svg Guinea Template:Dts[78]
78 File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg Democratic Republic of the Congo Template:Dts[79]
79 File:Flag of Somalia.svg Somalia Template:Dts[80]
80 File:Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus Template:Dts[81]
81 File:Flag of Gabon.svg Gabon Template:Dts[37]
82 File:Flag of Benin.svg Benin Template:Dts[82]
83 File:Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal Template:Dts[83]
84 File:Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria Template:Dts[84]
85 File:Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg Ivory Coast Template:Dts[85]
86 File:Flag of Mauritania.svg Mauritania Template:Dts[86]
87 File:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg Republic of the Congo Template:Dts[87]
88 File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[88]
89 File:Flag of Chad.svg Chad Template:Dts[89]
90 File:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg Sierra Leone Template:Dts[90]
91 File:Flag of Niger.svg Niger Template:Dts[91]
92 File:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg Burkina Faso Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[92]
93 File:Flag of Cameroon.svg Cameroon Template:Dts[93]
94 File:Flag of Burundi.svg Burundi Template:Dts[94]
— File:Flag of Rwanda.svg Rwanda (suspended)[95] Template:Dts[96]
95 File:Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania Template:Dts[97]
96 File:Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria Template:Dts[98]
97 File:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg Central African Republic Template:Dts[99]
98 File:Flag of Mali.svg Mali Template:Dts[100]
99 File:Flag of Nepal.svg   Nepal Template:DTS[101]
100 File:Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait Template:Dts[102]
101 File:Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya Template:Dts[103]
102 File:Flag of Madagascar.svg Madagascar Template:Dts[104]
103 File:Flag of Zambia.svg Zambia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[105]
104 File:Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda Template:Dts[106]
105 File:Flag of Malta.svg Malta Template:Dts[107]
106 File:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg Togo Template:Dts[108]
107 File:Flag of Malawi.svg Malawi Template:Dts[109]
108 File:Flag of The Gambia.svg Gambia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[110]
109 File:Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore Template:Dts[111]
110 File:Flag of Jamaica.svg Jamaica Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[112]
111 File:Flag of Botswana.svg Botswana Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[113]
112 File:Flag of Lesotho.svg Lesotho Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[113]
113 File:Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia Template:Dts[114]
114 File:Flag of Laos.svg Laos Template:Dts[115]
115 File:Flag of Mauritius.svg Mauritius Template:Dts[116]
116 File:Flag of Eswatini.svg Eswatini Template:Dts[117]
117 File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg Trinidad and Tobago Template:Dts[118]
118 File:Flag of Barbados.svg Barbados Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[119]
119 File:Flag of Albania.svg Albania Template:Dts[120]
120 File:Flag of Guyana.svg Guyana Template:DTS[121]
121 File:Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[122]
122 File:Flag of Tonga.svg Tonga Template:Dts[123]
123 File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China Template:Dts[124]
124 File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates Template:Dts[125]
125 File:Flag of Yemen.svg Yemen Template:Dts[126]
126 File:Flag of Fiji.svg Fiji Template:DTS[127]
127 File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam Template:Dts[128]
128 File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh Template:Dts[129]
129 File:Flag of Samoa.svg Samoa Template:Dts[130]
130 File:Flag of Qatar.svg Qatar Template:Dts[131]
131 File:Flag of the Bahamas.svg Bahamas Template:Dts[132]
132 File:Flag of Oman.svg Oman Template:DTS[133]
133 File:Flag of Nauru.svg Nauru Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[134]
134 File:Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique Template:Dts[135]
135 File:Flag of Seychelles.svg Seychelles Template:Dts[136]
136 File:Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg Papua New Guinea Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[137]
137 File:Flag of Suriname.svg Suriname Template:Dts[138]
138 File:Flag of Angola.svg Angola Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[139]
139 File:Flag of the Comoros.svg Comoros Template:Dts[140]
140 File:Flag of Cape Verde.svg Cape Verde Template:Dts[141]
141 File:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg Guinea-Bissau Template:Dts[142]
142 File:Flag of Maldives.svg Maldives Template:Dts[143]
143 File:Flag of Djibouti.svg Djibouti Template:Dts[144]
144 File:Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg Solomon Islands Template:Dts[145]
145 File:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg Zimbabwe Template:Dts[146]
146 File:Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain Template:Dts[147]
147 File:Flag of Dominica.svg Dominica Template:DTS[148]
148 File:Flag of Saint Lucia.svg Saint Lucia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[149]
149 File:Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[150]
150 File:Flag of Vanuatu.svg Vanuatu Template:Dts[151]
151 File:Flag of Belize.svg Belize Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[152]
152 File:Flag of Brunei.svg Brunei Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[153]
153 File:Flag of San Marino.svg San Marino Template:Dts[154]
154 File:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg Antigua and Barbuda Template:Dts[152]
155 File:Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg São Tomé and Príncipe Template:Dts[155]
156 File:Flag of Namibia.svg Namibia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[156]
157 File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia Template:Dts[157]
158 File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia Template:Dts[158]
159 File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania Template:Dts[159]
160 File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia Template:Dts[160]
161 File:Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia Template:Dts[161]
162 File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus Template:Dts[162]
163 File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine Template:Dts[163]
164 File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Uzbekistan Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[164]
165 File:Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova Template:Dts[165]
166 File:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg Liechtenstein Template:Dts[166]
167 File:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[167]
168 File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg Tajikistan Template:Dts[168]
169 Template:Country data Georgia Template:Dts[169]
170 File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan Template:Dts[170]
171 File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[171]
172 File:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia Template:Dts[172]
173 File:Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia Template:Dts[173]
174 File:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg Turkmenistan Template:Dts[174]
175 Template:Country data North Macedonia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[175]
176 File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[176]
177 File:Flag of Eritrea.svg Eritrea Template:Dts[177]
178 File:Flag of Andorra.svg Andorra Template:Dts[178]
179 File:Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg Marshall Islands Template:DTS[179]
180 File:Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg Federated States of Micronesia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[180]
181 File:Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea Template:Dts[181]
182 File:Flag of East Timor.svg Timor-Leste Template:Dts[182]
183 File:Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg Saint Kitts and Nevis Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[183]
— File:Flag of the Cook Islands.svg Cook Islands Template:Dts[184]
184 File:Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro Template:Dts[185]
— File:Flag of Kosovo.svg Kosovo Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[186]
185 File:Flag of Bhutan.svg Bhutan Template:Dts[187]
186 File:Flag of Palau.svg Palau Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[188]
187 File:Flag of South Sudan.svg South Sudan Template:Dts[189]
188 File:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg Equatorial Guinea Unknown
189 File:Flag of Grenada.svg Grenada Unknown
190 File:Flag of Kiribati.svg Kiribati Unknown
191 File:Flag of Tuvalu.svg Tuvalu Unknown

Relationship with countries

Africa

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg Congo-Kinshasa 2 July 1960 See Belgium–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 2 July 1960 when establishment of the Belgian diplomatic mission in Leopoldville and Jean Van den Bosch becomes the Belgian ambassador.[190]

  • Belgium has an embassy in Kinshasa and a consulate-general in Lubumbashi.
  • Congo-Kinshasa has an embassy in Brussels and a consulate-general in Antwerp.
File:Flag of Eritrea.svg Eritrea
  • Belgium recognised Eritrea as an independent country on 14 June 1993.[191]
File:Flag of South Sudan.svg South Sudan 14 October 2011 Diplomatic relations were established on 14 October 2011.[192]
  • Belgium recognised South Sudan as an independent country on 1 December 2011.[193]

Americas

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada 3 January 1939 See Belgium–Canada relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 3 January 1939.[194]

File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba 18 August 1902

Diplomatic relations were established on 18 August 1902.[195]

In 1837, Belgian negotiating sale right ownership of Cuba from Spanish government.[196]

  • Belgium has an embassy in Havana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Brussels.
File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico 19 November 1839 See Belgium–Mexico relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 19 November 1839.[13]

In 1836, Belgium—itself newly independent—recognized the independence of Mexico.[197] In 1919, the Belgian chamber of commerce of Mexico was established.[197] Belgium opened its embassy in Mexico on 5 June 1954.[198]

  • Belgium has an embassy in Mexico City.
  • Mexico has an embassy in Brussels.
File:Flag of Peru.svg Peru 16 May 1850 Diplomatic relations were established on 16 May 1850.[13]Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
  • Belgium has an embassy in Lima.
  • Peru has an embassy in Brussels.
File:Flag of the United States.svg United States 9 February 1832 See Belgium–United States relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 9 February 1832 when has been accredited Minister Resident of Belgium to United States with residence in Washington baron D. Behr.[199]

The United States and Belgium are good friends and allies, despite occasional disagreements on a limited number of foreign policy issues. Good will and affection for Americans continues as a result of the U.S. role during and after the two World Wars, which was exhibited in 2004 during the 60th anniversary commemorations of the Battle of the Bulge and the liberation of Belgium. Continuing to celebrate cooperative U.S. and Belgian relations, 2007 marks the 175th anniversary of the nations' relationship.

File:Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay 26 September 1852 See Belgium–Uruguay relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 26 September 1852 when M. Joseph Lannoy has been appointed as Minister Resident of Belgium to Uruguay with Residence in Rio-de-Janeiro.[200]

  • Belgium is accredited to Uruguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  • Uruguay has an embassy in Brussels.

Asia

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
File:Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia 10 March 1992 Diplomatic relations were established on 10 March 1992.[201]
  • Belgium recognised Armenia as an independent country effective from 31 December 1991.[202]
  • Armenia has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Belgium is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in Moscow, Russia and maintains an honorary consulate in Yerevan.
  • Belgium has recognized the Armenian genocide in 1998.
File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan 17 June 1992 See Azerbaijan–Belgium relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 17 June 1992.[203]

File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China 25 October 1971 See Belgium–China relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 25 October 1971.[124]

Template:Country data Georgia 5 June 1992 Diplomatic relations were established on 5 June 1992.[204]
  • Belgium recognised Georgia as an independent country on 23 March 1992.[205]
  • Belgium is represented in Georgia through its embassy in Baku, Azerbaijan
  • Georgia has an embassy in Brussels
File:Flag of India.svg India 20 September 1947 See Belgium–India relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 20 September 1947 when Prince Eugene de Ligne presented his credentials as the Ambassador of the Kingdom of Belgium to India.[206]

  • Belgium has an embassy in New Delhi and consualates-general in Chennai and Mumbai.
  • India has an embassy in Brussels.
File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia 14 June 1950 See Belgium–Indonesia relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 14 June 1950 when Consulate General of Belgium in Jakarta has been elevated to rang Legation and M. P. Vanderstichelen appointed as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Belgium to Indonesia.[207]

  • Belgium has an embassy in Jakarta.
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Brussels.
File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran
  • Belgium has an embassy in Tehran.
  • Iran has an embassy in Brussels.
File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel See Belgium–Israel relations
  • On 29 November 1947, Belgium voted in favour of UN resolution 181.
  • Belgium recognised Israel on 15 January 1950.
  • Belgium has an embassy in Tel Aviv.
  • Israel has an embassy in Brussels.
  • There are approximately 31,200 Jews living in Belgium.
File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan 1 August 1866 See Belgium–Japan relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 1 August 1866.[208]

  • Belgium has an embassy in Tokyo.
  • Japan has an embassy in Brussels.
File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan 25 August 1992 Diplomatic relations were established on 25 August 1992.[209]
  • Belgium recognised Kazakhstan as an independent country effective from 31 December 1991.[202]
  • Belgium has an embassy in Astana.
  • Kazakhstan has an embassy in Brussels.
File:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan 25 March 1992 See Belgium–Turkey relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 25 March 1992.[210]

  • Belgium recognised Kyrgyzstan as an independent country effective from 20 januari 1992.[202]
File:Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia 12 December 1957 See Belgium–Malaysia relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 12 December 1957.[211]

  • Belgium has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.
  • Malaysia has an embassy in Brussels.
File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan 20 February 1948 See Belgium–Pakistan relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 20 February 1948.[212]

  • Belgium has an embassy in Islamabad.
  • Pakistan has an embassy in Brussels.

Former Pakistani president, Pervez Musharraf, has also previously extended a visit to Belgium during his tour of Europe in early 2008, which also included visits to the United Kingdom, France and Sweden. During his stay in Brussels, he met the then-Prime Minister of Belgium, Guy Verhofstadt, and the two leaders held significant talks on trade and defence co-operation. Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

File:Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines 18 May 1949 See Belgium–Philippines relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 18 May 1949.[213]

  • Belgium has an embassy in Manila.
  • Philippines has an embassy in Brussels.
File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia
  • Belgium has an embassy in Riyadh.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Brussels.
File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea 2 May 1961 See Belgium–South Korea relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 2 May 1961.[88]

File:Flag of the Syrian revolution.svg Syria 20 March 1946 See Belgium–Syria relations

Relations were established on 20 March 1946 when M.R. Taymans was appointed as Chargé d'Affaires of Belgium to Syria with residence in Beirut.[217]

File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey 4 April 1838 See Belgium–Turkey relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 4 April 1838 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Belgium to Turkey baron O'Sullivan de Grass.[220]

File:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg Turkmenistan 1 February 1993 See Belgium–Turkey relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 1 February 1993.[221]

  • Belgium recognised Turkmenistan as an independent country effective from 31 December 1991.[202]
File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Uzbekistan 10 March 1992 See Belgium–Turkey relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 10 March 1992.[222]

  • Belgium recognised Uzbekistan as an independent country effective from 31 December 1991.[202]

Europe

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
File:Flag of Albania.svg Albania See Albania–Belgium relations
  • Albania has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Belgium has an embassy in Tirana.
File:Flag of Andorra.svg Andorra 15 December 1994 Diplomatic relations were established on 15 December 1994.[223]
  • Belgium has recognised Andorra as an independent country on 2 December 1993, effective from 28 July 1993.[205]
  • Andorra has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Belgium is accredited to Andorra from its embassy in Madrid, Spain.
File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria
  • Austria has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Belgium has an embassy in Vienna.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union.
File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus 10 March 1992 Diplomatic relations were established on 10 March 1992.[224]
  • Belgium recognised Belarus as an independent country effective from 31 December 1991.[202]
File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 March 1994 Diplomatic relations were established on 3 March 1994.[225]
  • Belgium recognised Bosnia as an independent country on 10 April 1992.[205]
File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria 11 December 1879 Diplomatic relations were established on 11 December 1879.[226]
File:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia 10 March 1992 Diplomatic relations were established on 10 March 1992.[229]
  • Belgium recognised Croatia as an independent country effective from 15 January 1992.[202]
  • Belgium has an embassy in Zagreb.
  • Croatia has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
File:Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus
  • Belgium is accredited to Cyprus from its embassy in Athens, Greece.
  • Cyprus is accredited to Belgium from its embassy in The Hague, the Netherlands.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union.
File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic 3 June 1919 Belgium and Czechoslovakia established diplomatic relations on 3 June 1919.[230]
  • Belgium recognised the independence of Czechia on 16 February 1993, effective from 1 January 1993.[231]
  • Belgium has an embassy in Prague.
  • Czech Republic has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO and of the European Union.
File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark 25 February 1837 See Belgium–Denmark relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 25 February 1837 when has been accredited chargé d'affaires of Belgium to Denmark baron T. van der Straten-Ponthoz[232][233]

File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia 26 January 1921 Diplomatic relations were established first time on 21 January 1921. Diplomatic relations re-established on 5 September 1991.[234]
File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland 9 July 1919 Diplomatic relations were established on 9 July 1919.[235]
  • Belgium recognised Finland's independence on 10 June 1919.
  • Belgium has an embassy in Helsinki.
  • Finland has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
File:Flag of France.svg France 8 March 1831 See Belgium–France relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 8 March 1831 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Belgium to France Comte C. Le Hon.[11]

File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany See Belgium–Germany relations

They are both members of the European Union and NATO. Also, the majority of the people in East Belgium (Eupen-Malmedy) speak German.

  • Belgium has an embassy in Berlin.
  • Germany has one embassy in Brussels.
File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece 30 November 1838 See Belgium–Greece relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 30 November 1838 when has been accredited Chargé d'Affaires of Belgium to Greece M. Benjamin Mary.[11]

  • Belgium has an embassy in Athens.
  • Since 1945, Greece has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO, of the European Union.
  • There are between 15,000 and 26,000 Greeks who live in Belgium.
File:Flag of Vatican City (2023–present).svg Holy See 21 July 1832 Diplomatic relations were established on 21 July 1832 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Belgium to Roman states and Italian states (Holy See) Viscount Vilain XIIII.[236]
  • Belgium has an embassy to the Holy See based in Rome.
  • Holy See has an apostolic nunciature in Brussels.
File:Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland 9 November 1945 Diplomatic relations were established on 9 November 1945.[237]
  • Belgium is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Oslo, Norway.
  • Iceland has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO.
File:Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland 7 September 1932 Diplomatic relations were established on 7 September 1932 when has been established Legation of Ireland in Belgium (Brussels). It was raised into an embassy 9 January 1959.[238]
File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy 24 February 1851 Diplomatic relations were established on 24 February 1851 when has been appointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Belgium Alberto Lupi Di Montalto.[239]
File:Flag of Kosovo.svg Kosovo 23 April 2008 See Belgium–Kosovo relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 23 April 2008.[240]

File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia 26 January 1921 Diplomatic relations were established on 26 January 1921.[243] Diplomatic relations re-established on 5 September 1991.[244]
  • Belgium is accredited to Latvia from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
  • Latvia has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania 27 December 1922 Diplomatic relations were established first time on 27 December 1922.Diplomatic relations re-established on 5 September 1991.[245]
  • Belgium is accredited to Lithuania from its embassy in Warsaw, Poland.
  • Lithuania has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg 9 July 1892 See Belgium–Luxembourg relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 9 July 1892.[246]

File:Flag of Malta.svg Malta June 1965 Diplomatic relations were established in June 1965.[247]
  • Belgium is accredited to Malta from its embassy in Rome, Italy.
  • Malta has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and of the Council of Europe.
File:Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova 11 March 1992 Diplomatic relations were established on 11 March 1992.[248]
  • Belgium recognised Moldova as an independent country effective from 31 December 1991.[202]
  • Moldova has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Belgium is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania.
File:Flag of Monaco.svg Monaco 2 October 1931 Diplomatic relations were established on 2 October 1931.[249]
  • Belgium is accredited to Monaco from its embassy in Paris, France and maintains an honorary consulate in Monaco.
  • Monaco has an embassy in Brussels.
File:Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro 25 July 2006 Diplomatic relations were established on 25 July 2006.[250]
  • Belgium recognised Montenegro as an independent country on 23 June 2006.[251]
  • Belgium is accredited to Montenegro from its embassy in Belgrade, Serbia.
  • Montenegro has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and NATO.
  • Belgium is an EU member and Montenegro is an EU candidate.
File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands 3 August 1839 See Belgium–Netherlands relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 3 August 1839 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Belgium to the Netherlands Prince J. De Chimay.[11]

  • Belgium has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Brussels and a consulate-general in Antwerp.
  • Both nations are members of the European Union and NATO.
Template:Country data North Macedonia 14 February 1994 Diplomatic relations were established on 14 February 1994.[252]
  • Belgium recognised North Macedonia as an independent country on 12 October 1993.[253]
  • Belgium is accredited to North Macedonia from its embassy in Sofia, Bulgaria.
  • North Macedonia has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and NATO.
  • Belgium is an EU member and North Macedonia is an EU candidate.
File:Flag of Norway.svg Norway 14 November 1905 Diplomatic relations were established on 14 November 1905.[254]
  • Belgium has an embassy in Oslo.
  • Norway has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO.
File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland 6 March 1919 See Belgium–Poland relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 6 March 1919.[255]

  • Belgium has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
File:Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal 20 February 1834 See Belgium–Portugal relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 20 February 1834 when has been accredited chargé d'affaires of Belgium to Portugal C. Serruys.[256]

  • Belgium has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania 29 March 1880 Diplomatic relations were established on 29 March 1880.[257]
  • Belgium has an embassy in Bucharest.
  • Romania has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia 11 April 1853 See Belgium–Russia relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 11 April 1853.[258]

File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia 15 March 1886 See Belgium–Serbia relations
File:Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia 1 January 1993 Diplomatic relations were established on 1 January 1993.[260]
  • Belgium recognised Slovakia as an independent country on 16 February 1993, effective from 1 January 1993.[231]
  • Belgium is accredited to Slovakia from its embassy in Vienna, Austria.
  • Slovakia has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia 5 March 1992 Diplomatic relations were established on 5 March 1992.[261]

Belgium recognised Slovenia as an independent country effective from 15 January 1992.[202]

  • Belgium is accredited to Slovenia from its embassy in Vienna, Austria.
  • Slovenia has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO and of the European Union.
File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain 18 September 1832 See Belgium–Spain relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 18 September 1832 when has been accredited chargé d'affaires of Belgium to Spain J.-B. Kaufmann.[262]

  • Belgium has an embassy in Madrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
File:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden 23 February 1837 Diplomatic relations were established on 23 February 1837 when has been accredited Chargé d'Affaires of Belgium to Sweden baron T. Vander Straten Ponthoz.[263]
File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine 10 March 1992 See Belgium–Ukraine relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 10 March 1992.[264]

Although politically the two nations are not closely connected, they have a long history of economic integration and trade, with Belgian investment playing a role in the contemporary Ukrainian economy. As of 2008, trade revenue generated between the two nations accounted for approximately US$1 billion.[265]

  • Belgium recognised Ukraine as an independent country effective from 31 December 1991.[202]
  • Belgium has an embassy in Kyiv.
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
  • Belgium is an EU member and Ukraine is an EU candidate.
File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom 1 December 1830 See Belgium–United Kingdom relations
File:Prime Minister Sunak met with Belgian PM De Croo at Number 10 in 2024.jpg
British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak with Belgian Prime Minister Alexander De Croo in 10 Downing Street, January 2024.

Belgium established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 1 December 1830.[2]Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[268] the Council of Europe, the European Court of Human Rights, the International Criminal Court, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE, the United Nations, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Classified Information Protection Agreement,[269] a Double Taxation Convention,[270] and a Maritime Cooperation Agreement.[271]

Oceania

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia 10 October 1947 See Australia–Belgium relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 10 October 1947.[272]

Protocol

The kingdom of Belgium recognises 4 types of incoming visits in Belgium. They are ranked in precedence and protocol.[273]

  1. The State Visit, formal invitations by the King of the Belgians.
  2. The Official Visit, invitation by the Belgian Prime minister.
  3. The Working Visit, invitation by an ambassador, the cost is not paid by the Belgian state.
    1. Cordial visits.
    2. Visits of courtoisie
    3. Visits to international Organisations
  4. The Private Visit, at own initiative, Belgian authorities only provide security if requested.

See also

References

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  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  220. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  221. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  222. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  223. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  225. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  226. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  227. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  229. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  231. ↑ a b Belgisch Staatsblad 13 March 1993
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  235. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  236. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  237. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  238. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  240. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  244. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  245. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  246. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  247. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  249. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  251. ↑ Belgisch Staatsblad 30 June 2006
  252. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  253. ↑ Belgisch Staatblad 17 November 1993, then under the name of F.Y.R.O.M. The subsequent name change was taken into account by amending the 1993 recognition decree on 17 March 2019, Belgisch Staatblad 28 March 2019.
  254. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  255. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  256. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  257. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  258. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  259. ↑ Belgisch Staatsblad 11 July 1996
  260. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  261. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  262. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  263. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  264. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  265. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  266. ↑ Script error: No such module "cite".
  267. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  268. ↑ Template:Cite x
  269. ↑ Script error: No such module "cite".
  270. ↑ Script error: No such module "cite".
  271. ↑ Script error: No such module "cite".
  272. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  273. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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External links

Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:Country topics Script error: No such module "Navbox".

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