List of parties to the Genocide Convention

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Template:Short description

File:Genocide Convention Participation.svg
Participation in the Genocide Convention <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />
  Signed and ratified
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  Acceded or succeeded
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  Only signed

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The list of parties to the Genocide Convention encompasses the states who have signed and ratified or acceded to Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide to prevent and punish actions of genocide in war and in peacetime.

On 11 December 1948, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide was opened for signature. Ethiopia became the first state to deposit the treaty on 1 July 1949. Ethiopia was also among the very few countries that incorporated the convention in its national law immediately— as early as the 1950s.[1] The treaty came into force and closed for signature on 12 January 1951. Since then, states that did not sign the treaty can now only accede to it. The instrument of ratification, accession, or succession is deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations

As of June 2024, 153 states have ratified or acceded to the treaty, most recently Zambia in April 2022. One state, the Dominican Republic, has signed but not ratified the treaty.

Ratified or acceded states

State Signed Deposited Method
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Template:Flagcountry Template:Dts Template:Dts Ratification as Template:Flagcountry
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Template:Flagcountry Template:Dts Accession
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Template:Flagcountry Template:Dts Succession from Template:Flagcountry
Signed 11 December 1948
Ratified 29 August 1950
Template:Flagcountry Template:Dts Template:Dts Ratification
Template:Flagcountry Template:Dts Accession
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Template:Flagcountry Template:Dts Template:Dts Ratification
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Signed as Template:Flagcountry
Template:Flagcountry Template:Dts Template:Dts Ratification
Template:Flagcountry Template:Dts Accession
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Template:Flagcountry Template:Dts Succession from Template:Flagcountry
Signed 11 December 1948
Ratified 29 August 1950
Template:Flagcountry Template:Dts Template:Dts Ratification
Template:Flagcountry Template:Dts Accession
Template:Flagcountry Template:Dts Succession from Template:Flagcountry
Signed 28 December 1949
Ratified 21 December 1950
Template:Flagcountry Template:Dts Succession as Template:Flagicon Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)
from Template:Flagcountry
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Also Template:Flagcountry
Acceded 27 March 1973
Template:Flagcountry Template:Dts Accession
Template:Flagcountry Template:Dts Template:Dts Ratification
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Template:Flagcountry Template:Dts Accession
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Template:Flagcountry Template:Dts Template:Dts Ratification
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Signed 11 December 1948
Ratified 29 August 1950
Template:Flagcountry Template:Dts Template:Dts Ratification
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Template:Flagcountry Template:Dts Accession
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Template:Flagcountry Template:Dts Succession from Template:Flagcountry
Signed 28 December 1949
Ratified 21 December 1950
Template:Flagcountry Template:Dts Succession from Template:Flagcountry
Signed 11 December 1948
Ratified 29 August 1950
Template:Flagcountry Template:Dts Ratification
Template:Flagcountry Template:Dts Accession
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Template:Flagcountry Template:Dts Template:Dts Ratification
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Acceded 6 April 1989
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Unrecognized state, ratified treaty

State Signed Deposited Method
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State that has signed but not ratified

State Signed
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Municipal laws

The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) came into effect in January 1951. Article 5, 6 and 7 of the CPPCG cover obligations that sovereign states that are parties to the convention must undertake to enact: Template:Quotation

Since 1951 the following states have enacted provisions within their municipal law to prosecute or extradite perpetrators of genocide:[3]

State/Jurisdiction Provisions Notes
File:Flag of Albania.svg Albania Chap. 1, Crimes Against Humanity, of the Criminal Code[4] See Genocide Law (Albania, 1995)
File:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg Antigua and Barbuda Genocide Act, Laws, Vol. 4.[3]
File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina [3]Template:Badref
File:Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia Article 393 of the Criminal code.[3]
File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia Division 268 of the Criminal Code[5] As inserted by the International Criminal Court (Consequential Amendments) Act 2002.[6]
File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria Paragraph 321 of the Strafgesetzbuch 1974.[7] Austrian law classifies all acts intended to annihilate a national, ethnic or religious group partially or in its entirety, create circumstances suitable to cause such events, create sterility in the group or other measures intended to prevent wilful procreation, or forcefully abducting children of said group to integrate them into another as genocide, with a statutory sentence of life imprisonment. Conspiracy to commit such acts carries a penalty of one to ten years imprisonment.
File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan Article 103 and 104 of the Criminal Code.[3]
File:Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain Decree No. 4 of 1990 (on genocide).[3]
File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh International Crimes (Tribunals) Act 1973.[3]
File:Flag of Barbados.svg Barbados Genocide Act, chapter 133A.[3]
File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus Article 127 of the Criminal Code.[3]
File:Flag of Belgium.svg Belgium Law on serious violations of international humanitarian law, 10 February 1999.[8] In 1993 Belgium had adopted universal jurisdiction, allowing prosecution of genocide, committed by anybody in the world. The practice was widely applauded by many human rights groups, because it made legal action possible to perpetrators who did not have a direct link with Belgium, and whose victims were not Belgian citizens or residents. Ten years later in 2003, Belgium repealed the law on universal jurisdiction (under pressure from the United States). However, some cases which had already started continued. These included those concerning the Rwandan genocide, and complaints filed against the Chadian ex-President Hissène Habré.[9]

In a Belgium court case lodged on 18 June 2001 by 23 survivors of the 1982 Sabra and Shatila massacre, the prosecution alleged that Ariel Sharon, former Israeli defence minister (and Israel's Prime Minister in 2001–2006), as well as other Israelis committed a number of crimes including genocide,[10] because "all the constituent elements of the crime of genocide, as defined in the 1948 Convention and as reproduced in article 6 of the ICC Statute and in article 1§1 of the law of 16 June 1993, are present".[11] This allegation was not tested in Belgium court because on 12 February 2003 the Court of Cassation (Belgian Supreme Court) ruled that under international customary law, acting heads of state and government can not become the object of proceedings before criminal tribunals in foreign state (although for the crime of genocide they could be the subject of proceedings of an international tribunal).[12][13] This ruling was a reiteration of a decision made a year earlier by the International Court of Justice on 14 February 2002.[14] Following these ruling in June 2003 the Belgian Justice Ministry decided to start a procedure to transfer the case to Israel.[15]

File:Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg Bolivia Article 138 of the Código Penal.[16]
File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina Article 141 of the Penal Code.[3] List of Bosnian genocide prosecutions#The Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina
File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil Law No. 2.889 of 1 October 1956.[17] The Helmet Massacre of the Tikuna people took place in 1988, and was initially treated as homicide. Since 1994 it has been treated by the Brazilian courts as a genocide. Thirteen men were convicted of genocide in 2001. In November 2004 at the appeal before Brazil's federal court, the man initially found guilty of hiring men to carry out the genocide was acquitted, and the other men had their initial sentences of 15–25 years reduced to 12 years.[18]

In a news letter published on 7 August 2006 the Indianist Missionary Council reported that: "In a plenary session, the [Brazilian] Supreme Federal Court (STF) reaffirmed that the crime known as the Haximu Massacre [perpetrated on the Yanomami Indians in 1993][19] was a genocide and that the decision of a federal court to sentence miners to 19 years in prison for genocide in connection with other offenses, such as smuggling and illegal mining, is valid. It was a unanimous decision made during the judgement of Extraordinary Appeal (RE) 351487 today, the 3rd, in the morning by justices of the Supreme Court".[20] Commenting on the case the NGO Survival International said "The UN convention on genocide, ratified by Brazil, states that the killing 'with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group' is genocide. The Supreme Court's ruling is highly significant and sends an important warning to those who continue to commit crimes against indigenous peoples in Brazil."[19]

File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria Article 416 on Genocide, of the Criminal Code.[21]
File:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg Burkina Faso Article 313 of the Code Pénal.[22]
File:Flag of Burundi.svg Burundi In 2003 the transitional parliament in Burundi passed a law, introduced to parliament by the Burundian Foreign Minister Therence Sinunguruzaa, chiefly aimed at preventing genocide.[23]
File:Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia Law for prosecuting crimes committed from 1975 to 1979.[3][24]
File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada Act on genocide and war crimes, Article 318 on Advocating Genocide.[3] In Canada the Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes Act makes it an offence under Canadian law to commit genocide, whether inside or outside Canada. A person may be charged under this law if, at the time of the crime, the perpetrator was a Canadian citizen or was employed by Canada, if the victim was a Canadian citizen or a citizen of a country allied to Canada, if the perpetrator was a citizen of, or employed by, a country that Canada was engaged in armed conflict with or if, at any time after committing the crime, the perpetrator enters Canadian territory.
File:Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia Articles 101 & 102 of the Código Penal.[25]
File:Flag of Costa Rica (state).svg Costa Rica Article 127 of the Código Penal (14 April 1998).[26] The law includes political groups or social groups as a protected group.[27]
Template:Country data Côte d'Ivoire Article 137 of the Code Pénal.[28]
File:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia Article 156 of the Penal Code.[3]
File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba Article 361 of the Código Penal.[29]
File:Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus Uw 59/ 1980.[3]
File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic Article 400 of the Penal Code.[30]
File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark Law Nr. 132 of 29 April 1955.[31]
File:Flag of El Salvador.svg El Salvador Article 361 of the Código Penal.[32]
File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia Article 91 of the Karistusseadustik eriosa.[33]
File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia Article 281 of the Penal Code of 1957.[34]
File:Flag of Fiji.svg Fiji Chapter 34 (Genocide) of the Penal Code.[35]
File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland Criminal Code[36] Genocide has been criminalized as a separate crime in Finland since 1995 and carries a penalty from 4 years to life sentence. In addition to actual killing, the description of the crime (joukkotuhonta) covers also cultural assimilation by means of separating children from their original national, ethnic, racial or religious group.[36] Attempted genocide or planning it are punishable. Genocide, as a number of other crimes of international nature is inside Finnish universal jurisdiction, but under Chapter 1, Section 12 of the Criminal Code, incidents of it abroad may not be investigated unless the Prosecutor General gives an order to do this.[37]

In 2010 a Rwandan refugee, François Bazaramba was convicted to life in prison for participation in the Rwandan genocide.[38]

File:Flag of France.svg France Article 211-1 of the Code Pénal.[39] The French law defines "a group determined by any arbitrary criteria" which is far broader than that found in the CPPCG.[27]
Template:Country data Georgia Article 651 (genocide) of the penal code[3]
File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany Article 220a of the Strafgesetzbuch (1954),[40] superseded by article 6 of the Völkerstrafgesetzbuch (2002). Prior to the 2007 ICJ ruling on the Bosnian Genocide Case German courts handed down several convictions for genocide during the Bosnian War.

Novislav Djajić was indicted for participation in genocide, but the Bavarian Higher Regional Court failed to find beyond a reasonable doubt that he had intended to commit genocide. He was found guilty of 14 cases of murder and one case of attempted murder, receiving a sentence of 5 years imprisonment.[41] At Djajic's appeal on 23 May 1997, the Bavarian Appeals Court found that acts of genocide were committed in June 1992, though confined within the administrative district of Foča.[42]

The Higher Regional Court (Oberlandesgericht) of Düsseldorf, in September 1997, handed down a genocide conviction against Nikola Jorgić, a Bosnian Serb from the Doboj region who was the leader of a paramilitary group located in the Doboj region. He was sentenced to four terms of life imprisonment for his involvement in genocidal actions that took place in regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, other than Srebrenica.[43]

"On 29 November 1999, the Higher Regional Court (Oberlandesgericht) of Düsseldorf condemned Maksim Sokolović to 9 years in prison for aiding and abetting the crime of genocide and for grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions".[44]

File:Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana Criminal Code (Amendment) Act, 1993 Section 1: Genocide[3]
File:Flag of Guatemala.svg Guatemala Article 376 of the Código Penal[3]
File:Flag of Hong Kong.svg Hong Kong Hong Kong, Section 9A, Offences Against Person Ordinance (Cap. 212)[45]
File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary Article 155 of the Penal Code[3]
File:Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland Genocide Act, 144/2018
File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia Article 8 - Number 26, 2000 – Genocide[3]
File:Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq statute of the Iraqi Special Tribunal, issued 10 December 2003[3]
File:Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland Genocide Act, 1973[3]
File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel Israeli Law on the Crime of Genocide, 5710 -1950[3]
File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy law on Genocide of 9 October 1967, n. 962[3]
File:Flag of Jamaica.svg Jamaica Offenses against the person (amendment) 1968, s. 33[3]
File:Flag of Kiribati.svg Kiribati (Gilbert Islands) Penal Code Article 52 (Genocide)[3]
File:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan Article 373 of the Criminal Code[3]
File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia Article 71 of the Penal Code[3]
File:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg Liechtenstein Article 321 of the Penal Code[3]
File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania Article 99 of the Criminal Code[3]
File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg Genocide law, 8 August 1985[3]
File:Flag of Macau.svg Macau Article 230 of the Penal Code of Macau.[3]
File:Flag of Mali.svg Mali Article 30 of the Code Pénal[3]
File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico Article 149 of the Código Penal[3]
File:Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand International Crimes and International Criminal Court Act 2000.[3]
File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands Act Implementing the Conv. on Genocide, 2 July 1964.[3] Dutch law restricts prosecutions for genocide to its nationals. On December 23, 2005, a Dutch court ruled in a case brought against Frans van Anraat for supplying chemicals to Iraq, that "[it] thinks and considers legally and convincingly proven that the Kurdish population meets the requirement under the genocide conventions as an ethnic group. The court has no other conclusion: that these attacks were committed with the intent to destroy the Kurdish population of Iraq" and because he supplied the chemicals before 16 March 1988, the date of the Halabja poison gas attack, he is guilty of a war crime but not guilty of complicity in genocide.[46][47]
File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua Article 549 & 550 of the Código Penal.[3]
File:Flag of Panama.svg Panama Article 311 of the Código Penal.[3]
File:Flag of Paraguay.svg Paraguay Articulo 319 9 of the Código Penal.[3]
File:Flag of Peru (state).svg Peru Title XIV (Law # 26926 (Article 129 of the Código Penal)).[3] The law includes political groups or social groups as a protected group.[27]
File:Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines Section 5 of the Philippine Act on Crimes Against International Humanitarian Law (Republic Act No. 9851)
File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland Article 118 of the Kodeks Karny (penal code).[3]
File:Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal Article 239 of the Codigo Penal.[3] The law includes political groups or social groups as a protected group.[27]
File:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg Republic of the Congo Law No. 8 - 98 of 31 October 1998 on genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity.[3]
File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania Article 356 of the Penal Code.[3]
File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia Article 357 of the Federal Criminal Code.[3]
File:Flag of Rwanda.svg Rwanda Organic Law No. 08/96 on Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity.[3]
File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia Article 370 of the Penal Code 2005.[48]
File:Flag of Seychelles.svg Seychelles Genocide Act of 1969.[3]
File:Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore Section 130D and 130E of the Penal Code[49] As inserted by section 28 of the Penal Code (Amendment) Act 2007[50]
File:Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg Solomon Islands Article 52 (Genocide) of the Penal Code.[3]
File:Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia Articles 259-265 of the Criminal Code.[3]
File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia Chapter 35, art. 373 and 378 of the Penal Code, 1994.[3]
File:Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa Implementation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Act 2002 (Act 27 of 2002).[3]
File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain Article 607 of the Código Penal, Ley Orgánica 10/1995, 23 November.[51][52] In June 2003 Spanish Judge Baltasar Garzón jailed Ricardo Miguel Cavallo, (also known as Miguel Angel Cavallo), a former Argentine naval officer, extradited from Mexico to Spain pending his trial on charges of genocide and terrorism relating to the years of Argentina's military dictatorship, under a special case of universal jurisdiction.[53][54] On 29 February 2008, the Spanish agreed to extradite Cavallo to Argentina where he is charged with crimes against humanity. He still faces a trial in Spain on genocide charges at some later date.[55][56]

After a 2005 court ruling, Spanish judges' right to use universal jurisdiction to investigate and try foreigners suspected of genocidal acts committed outside Spain was Template:En dash temporarily Template:En dash strengthened.[57] Accordingly, on 7 July 2006, six Guatemalan military officials, among them Efraín Ríos Montt and Oscar Humberto Mejia, were formally charged as part of a case began in 1999 by Nobel peace prize winner Rigoberta Menchú over war crimes they committed during the Guatemalan Civil War (1960–1996)[58]

On 11 January 2006 it was also reported that the Spanish High Court would investigate whether seven former Chinese officials, including the former President of China Jiang Zemin and former Prime Minister Li Peng participated in a genocide in Tibet.[59] The court proceedings in the case brought by the Madrid-based Committee to Support Tibet against several former Chinese officials was opened by the Judge on 6 June 2006, and on the same day China denounced the Spanish court's investigation into claims of genocide in Tibet as an interference in its internal affairs and dismissed the allegations as "sheer fabrication".[60][61] The case was shelved in 2010, following another law passed in 2009 that restricted High Court investigations to those "involving Spanish victims, suspects who are in Spain, or some other obvious link with Spain". The judicial rules in place in Spain before passed this law had irritated many other countries such as Israel, whose officials had faced possible prosecution.[62]

File:Flag of Suriname.svg Suriname Constitution of Suriname of 1987: Chapter IV: International principles:Article 7.4.[3]
File:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden Article 169 of the Lagboken (Act of 20 March 1963).[3] In Sweden genocide was criminalized in 1964. According to the Swedish law any act intended to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group, as such, and which is punished according to the criminal act is punished as genocide and carries a penalty from 4 years to life sentence. The Swedish legislation simply noticed that any severe common crime which is committed in order to destroy an ethnic group can be considered genocide, no matter what specific crime it is. Also intent, preparation or conspiring to genocide, and also failure to reveal such a crime is punishable as specified in penal code chapter 23, which is applicable to all crimes.[63]
File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland Article 264 of the Penal Code.[3]
File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg Tajikistan Crimes Against the Peace and Security of Mankind.[3]
File:Flag of Tonga.svg Tonga Genocide Act, 1969.[3]
File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg Trinidad and Tobago Genocide Act, 1977.[3]
File:Flag of Tuvalu.svg Tuvalu Article 52 (Genocide) of the Penal Code.[3]
File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine Article 442 on Genocide, of Criminal Code.[3]
File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom The Genocide Act 1969,[64] superseded by the International Criminal Court Act 2001.[3] The United Kingdom has incorporated the International Criminal Court Act into domestic law. It was not retroactive so it applies only to events after May 2001 and genocide charges can be filed only against British nationals and residents. According to Peter Carter QC, chairman of the Bar's human rights committee[65] "It means that British mercenaries who support regimes that commit war crimes can expect prosecution".[46] The Coroners and Justice Act 2009, altered the ICC ACT so that prosecutions could be taken against anyone in the UK from January 1991 — The date from which the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia had jurisdiction to try offences under the Tribunal's Statute adopted by the United Nations Security Council.[66]
File:Flag of the United States.svg United States Template:UnitedStatesCode United States federal law recognizes the crime of genocide where it was committed within the U.S. or by a national of the U.S.[67] A person found guilty of genocide can face the death penalty or life imprisonment. Persons found guilty of genocide may be denied entry or deported from the U.S.[68]
File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam Article 422 of the Criminal Code.[69]

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ On the date that the Chinese Republic ratified the treaty (July 20, 1949), it was recognized by the United States and other nations as the sole legitimate government of China, and it was a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, holding a veto power
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth.)
  6. ↑ International Criminal Court (Consequential Amendments) Act 2002 (Cth.) C2004A00993/s3.html s 3
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Belgium: Universal Jurisdiction Law Repealed web page on Human Rights Watch 1 August 2003
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Chibli Mallat, Michael Verhaeghe, Luc Walleyn and Laurie King-Irani The February 2003 Decision of the Belgian Supreme Court Explained on the website of [indictsharon.net], 19 February 2003
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Luc Walleyn, Michael Verhaeghe, Chibli Mallat. Statement of the Lawyers for the Survivors of Sabra and Shatila in reaction to the Belgian Justice Ministry's decision to start the procedure of transferring the case to Israel 15 June 2003.
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ a b c d Naomi Klein. The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism, Macmillan, 2007 Template:ISBN, Template:ISBN. p. 101, see footnote
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Template:Cite Hong Kong ordinance
  46. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ Penal Code ([[[:Template:Singapore legislation/index]] Cap. Penal Code (Singapore), 2008 Rev. Ed.])
  50. ↑ Penal Code (Amendment) Act 2007 2007 (No. 51 of 2007)
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ Jason Webb, [1]Template:Webarchive, Reuters, 29 February 2008
  56. ↑ Spain authorizes Cavallo's extradition to Argentina, People's Daily, 1 March 2008 cites Xinhua
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Spanish courts to investigate if a genocide took place in Tibet.
  60. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ Alexa Olesen China rejects Spain's 'genocide' claims in The Independent 7 June 2006
  62. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  63. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ Frank Chalk: The United Kingdom Genocide Act of 1969: Origins and Significance
  65. ↑ Bar Human Rights Committee "is the international human rights arm of the Bar of England and Wales. It is an independent body primarily concerned with the protection of the rights of advocates and judges around the world."
  66. ↑ UK: As originally enacted, the ICC Act 2001 presented two loopholes. First, those involved in the genocide in Rwanda and atrocities in the Former Yugoslavia could not be prosecuted, as the crimes happened before 2001. Second, the law applied only to people who were legally defined as resident in the UK, i.e.it did not apply to anyone on student, business, tourist, academic or skilled / domestic worker visas, or anyone who has been refused asylum under Article 1F(a) of the Refugee Convention but who cannot be returned home for fear of persecution. The Coroners and Justice Act 2009 s.70 amends the ICC Act 2001, and it closes these two loopholes (by adding s.65A and s.67A to the ICC Act). It gives jurisdiction from 1 January 1991, which is the date from which the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia had jurisdiction to try offences under the Tribunal's Statute adopted by the United Nations Security Council. The law has also been extended to cover the categories of persons not legally resident set out above (https://web.archive.org/web/20090730070348/http://www.aegistrust.org/Parliamentary-work/no-safe-haven-gaps-in-uk-law-on-international-crimes.html No safe haven: gaps in UK law on international crimes], Aegis Trust, Accessed 18 March 2010).
  67. ↑ Template:UnitedStatesCode.
  68. ↑ Template:UnitedStatesCode, Template:UnitedStatesCodeSec, Template:UnitedStatesCodeSec
  69. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Further reading

Template:Genocide topics Template:International human rights instruments

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