Battle of Skerki Bank

Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates The Battle of Skerki Bank was an engagement during the Second World War which took place near Skerki Bank in the Mediterranean Sea in the early hours of 2 December 1942. Force Q, a flotilla of Royal Navy cruisers and destroyers, attacked Convoy H, an Italian convoy and its escort of destroyers and torpedo boats.

Force Q sank the four Italian merchant ships and one of the escorting destroyers in exchange for minor splinter damage. Force Q was attacked by torpedo bombers at 06:30 on 3 December, sinking the destroyer Quentin with one torpedo and damaging the destroyer Quiberon. The battle was the first and most significant success for Force Q.

Background

Force Q

Soon after the beginning of Operation Torch, the Allied commanders began to make arrangements to intensify the offensive against the Axis supply route from Italy to Tunis and Bizerta in Tunisia. On 30 November, once Allied fighter cover could give sufficient protection, Force Q was based at Bône, a port on the north-east Algerian coast, not far from the Tunisian border. Force Q (Rear Admiral Cecil Harcourt) consisted of the light cruisers (flagship), and with the destroyers and .Template:Sfnm

Convoy H

Convoy H comprised the German transport KT-1 (850 gross register tons [GRT]), Aventino (3,794 GRT), Puccini (2,422 GRT) and the converted ferry Aspromonte (976 GRT).Template:Sfn The ships were carrying reinforcements to Africa, which included 1,766 troops, Template:Cvt of cargo (mainly ammunition), four tanks, 32 other vehicles and twelve artillery pieces. The escort was commanded by Captain Aldo Cocchia in the destroyer (flagship) with and , together with the torpedo boats and .Template:Sfn

Prelude

File:Algeria map-FR.png

Map of Algeria showing Annaba (formerly Bône), the new base for Force Q

On 1 December, Force Q sailed to attack Axis shipping on the convoy route from Trapani in Sicily to Tunis. Four convoys were at sea, comprising thirteen merchantmen escorted by seven destroyers and twelve torpedo boats. Three convoys were ordered to return after being spotted by British reconnaissance aircraft but Convoy H continued towards Tunis.Template:Sfn The convoy was overflown by aircraft during the night of 1/2 December and flares marked the course of the ships; at 00:30 Force Q picked up the Italian ships on radar, Template:Cvt north-east of Bizerta.Template:Sfn Cocchia sent Procione ahead to sweep for mines. had emphasised the importance of the convoy keeping in close formation but realising that hostile ships were in the area, Cocchia ordered the convoy to make a 90° turn south south-east at 00:01. At 00:17 Cocchia ordered a turn to west south-west; the convoy should have doglegged Template:Cvt to the south, which was close as was prudent to unmarked minefields. The convoy lost formation because Puccini missed the turn order and rammed Aspromonte; KT 1, which had no wireless, failed to follow Puccini and strayed to the north-west.Template:Sfn

Battle

At 00:27, Force Q, sailing at Template:Cvt, reached the convoy. De Recco was on a west south-west course, ahead of Aventino, Clio and Aspromonte. Puccini and Folgore were side by side, Template:Cvt behind De Recco, heading south south-west; Camicia Nera was Template:Cvt to the north of Puccini and Procione was minesweeping Template:Cvt south of De Recco, all heading west south-west.Template:Sfn Force Q approached with Aurora leading, followed by Sirius, Argonaut, Quiberon and Quentin; at 00:38, Template:Cvt distant, the leading ships fired on KT 1 which exploded. Argonaut and Quiberon opened fire on Procione (or De Recco) as Cocchia ordered the escorts to attack. Force Q went around the hulk of KT 1 and Argonaut fired and launched a torpedo at KT 1, then at 00:39 Argonaut sailed to the north-east to what turned out to be a false contact. After a couple of minutes, Argonaut fired at Camicia Nera as it advanced to the attack, Aurora also firing at the destroyer, under the impression that it was a merchant ship. Camicia Nera turned and launched six torpedoes in two minutes from 00:43 at Template:Cvt range then turned north, amidst shell splashes. Aspromonte was Template:Cvt to the left of Aurora and Aventino Template:Cvt away. Argonaut was also preparing to fire on Aventino as Sirius fired on Folgore and Clio.Template:Sfn

File:Tunisia sm03.png

Map showing the Tunisian coast

Folgore had attacked before receiving Cocchia's order and at 00:47 fired three torpedoes to port at Aurora, at a range underestimated at Template:Cvt and turned away. Sirius caught a freighter in one of its searchlights and at 00:50 Folgore turned tightly to port and fired its last three torpedoes at the searchlight; the torpedoes missed but two hits were claimed by mistake. Folgore made to the south-west at Template:Cvt but at 00:52 it was hit by nine shells from Argonaut causing severe flooding and a large fire. Folgore listed by 20° and capsized at 01:16. When the British attack began, Procione tangled its paravane and failed to sight Sirius until it had closed to Template:Cvt on the starboard side and opened fire at 00:53. The shells killed the forward gun crew and the captain took evasive action then headed towards the south-west. Clio began to make smoke, firing at searchlights and gun flashes; De Recco tried to make a torpedo attack.Template:Sfn

At 00:55 Quiberon broke formation to attack Clio, was bracketed by return fire. Sirius and Argonaut were firing on Puccini and at 00:58, Argonaut fired a torpedo at Puccini then one to port soon after at Aventino which was on fire. At 01:12 Sirius also launched a torpedo at Aventino which exploded and sank. At 01:16 Quiberon sailed through water full of survivors and attacked Puccini and at 01:12 Quentin followed Quiberon, both destroyers setting Puccini on fire; Aurora was engaging Aspromonte from Template:Cvt which began to sink; the British cruisers changed target to Clio but after five minutes Clio escaped without damage. De Recco had got within Template:Cvt of Force Q by 01:30 and launched torpedoes which missed; shell hits from Sirius, Quiberon and Quentin killed 118 members of the crew and left De Recco stopped in the water, eventually to be towed to port by Pigafetta. The British ships completed their circuit around the Italian ships and set course for Bône. Force Q was attacked by torpedo bombers at 06:30 on 3 December, sinking Quentin with one torpedo and damaging Quiberon.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn

Aftermath

Analysis

In 1966 the British official historians wrote that Force Q has a "spectacular success"; in an hour, Force Q had sunk Template:Cvt of shipping during a "one-sided engagement" for no damage. Just after dawn, as Force Q was on the return journey to Bône, Quentin was sunk by a torpedo bomber.Template:Sfn In 2009, Vincent O'Hara wrote that the battle was a serious Italian defeat, in which a large escort force had failed to prevent the four supply ships from being sunk. The minor damage inflicted by the Italian ships on their opponents stood in stark contrast, despite the convoy escorts managing to launch so many torpedoes at such close range. The convoy had been attacked while disorganised and could not achieve a co-ordinated reply. After more than two years of war, the was still incapable of accurately aiming torpedoes at night, partly because accepted claims of torpedo hits uncritically, which obscured the significance of the failing.Template:Sfn

Casualties

File:Aurora nh.jpg

HMS Aurora, flagship of Force Q

Of the four freighters of Convoy H, three were sunk and one scuttled; the escort Folgore was also sunk. Two hundred members of the merchant and crews and 1,527 troops, embarked on Aventino and Puccini were killed. The crew of Folgore suffered 126 casualties, Nicoloso da Recco 118, Aspromonte 39, Procione three. The British ships had minor splinter damage but lost Quentin to a torpedo bomber on the return journey to Bône, with the loss of 20 men.Template:Sfnm

Subsequent operations

At 16:00 the 14th Destroyer Flotilla, from Force K, comprising , , and sailed from Malta, untroubled by Axis aircraft, to attack Convoy C, the merchant ships Veloce and Chisone for Tripoli, escorted by the torpedo boats , Aretusa and . Near the Kerkenah Banks, Fairey Albacores of the Fleet Air Arm torpedoed Veloce, which was carrying benzene and caught fire, burning brightly. Force K sailed towards the illumination as Lupo prepared to take on survivors and the rest of the convoy hugged the coast. Jervis lit up Lupo with a searchlight and opened fire at Template:Cvt surprising the Italian torpedo boat and destroying the bridge. The rest of the flotilla joined in and Lupo was unable to reply, all but twelve of the crew being killed. The rest of the convoy stole away into the shallow water of the Kerkenah Banks.Template:Sfn

Convoy "B", a simultaneous Axis shipping move, composed of the Italian freighters Arlesiana, Achille Lauro and Campania and the German Menes and Lisboa, was sailing that night from Naples to Tunis. The cargo ships were escorted by the torpedo boats Groppo, Sirio, Pallade and Orione. After the convoy was overflown by Allied reconnaissance aircraft in the afternoon of 30 November, the escort was reinforced with the destroyers , and , joined later by the torpedo boat . The convoy was recalled to Trapani when the presence of Force Q in the area was discovered by German aerial surveillance at 23:30. While sailing back, Convoy "B" witnessed the destruction of Convoy "H". Numerous flares were sighted to the south, in the direction of the Axis force. At 01:00, the commander of Maestrale, the leading escort, ordered the convoy to change course to Palermo, a route further to the north, to avoid detection by Force Q.Template:Sfn

Orders of battle

Force Q

Force QTemplate:Sfn

Name	Flag	Type	Notes
	Template:Navy/core
	Template:Navy/core		Flagship, Rear-Admiral Cecil Harcourt
	Template:Navy/core
	Template:Navy/core	Q-class destroyer	Sunk by torpedo-bombers 2 December
	Template:Navy/core	Q-class destroyer

Convoy H

Convoy HTemplate:Sfnm

Name	Year	Flag	GRT	Notes
	1921	Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy	976	Converted ferry
	1907	Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy	3,794
	1942	Template:Navy/core	850
	1928	Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy	2,433

Convoy escorts

Convoy escortsTemplate:Sfn

Name	Flag	Type	Notes
	Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy
	Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy
	Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy		Sunk 37°43'N, 11°16'ETemplate:Sfn
	Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy		Flagship, damaged, towed home by Template:Sfn
	Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy		Damaged

External links

• Convoy Battle near Skerki Bank