Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Script error: No such module "Infobox".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:Islamism sidebar Bangladesh Jamaat-e-IslamiTemplate:Efn is the largest Islamist political party in Bangladesh.Template:Efn
The origin of the party can be traced back to the original party founded by Sayyid Abul A'la Maududi in 1941. The predecessor of Jamaat which is known as Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan, allegedly opposed the independence of Bangladesh and the dismemberment of Pakistan.Template:Efn
Following the independence of Bangladesh, the party was banned along with all other religion-based parties in 1972 by the regime. The ban was lifted in 1976, and its leaders were allowed to participate in political activities after 1979, and the current Bangladeshi faction of Jamaat-e-Islami was formed.[1][2] It actively participated in the pro-democratic mass uprising against the government of Hussain Muhammad Ershad in 1990. Following the 2001 Bangladeshi general election, the party formed a coalition government with the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) and two of its leaders received ministerial positions in the government.
From 2010, the Awami League government began to prosecute Jamaat leaders for the war crimes committed during the 1971 war under the International Crimes Tribunal. By 2012, eight leaders from Jamaat were charged and three were convicted of war crimes.[3] In August 2013, the Bangladesh Supreme Court cancelled the registration of the party.Template:Efn In early-August 2024, with the surge of July Revolution, the party was again banned by the Awami League government.[4][5] However, after the fall of the government, the decision was reversed by the newly-established interim government in late-August of that year,[6][7] and in June 2025, the ban on the party was officially lifted and its registration was reinstated by the Appeliate Division of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh.[8][9]
History
In British India (1941–1947)
The Jamaat-e-Islami was founded in pre-partition British India by Syed Abul A'la Maududi at Islamia Park, Lahore on 26 August 1941 as a movement to promote social and political Islam. Jamaat opposed the creation of a separate state of Pakistan for the Muslims of India. It also did not support the Muslim League, then the largest Muslim party in the election of 1946. nor did it support the "Composite Nationalism" (Muttahida Qaumiyat Aur Islam) of the Jamiat Ulama e-Hind. Maulana Abul Ala Maududi, the founder of Jamaat-e-Islami, actively worked to prevent the partition of India, arguing that concept violated the Islamic doctrine of the ummah.[10] Maulana Maududi saw the partition as creating a temporal border that would divide Muslims from one another.[11] He advocated for the whole of India to be reclaimed for Islam.[12]
In Pakistan (1947-1971)
After the creation of Pakistan, Jamaat-e-Islami divided into separate Indian and Pakistani national organisations. When East Pakistan became independent as Bangladesh, the East Pakistan wing of Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan became Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh.[13][14]
Jamaat-e-Islami participated in the democratic movement in Pakistan during the Period of Martial Law declared by Ayub Khan. An all-party democratic alliance (DAC) was formed in 1965. Jamaat head of East Pakistan branch, Ghulam Azam was a member of the alliance, which also included Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.[15][16][17]
In Bangladesh (1971–present)
Jamaat was banned after the independence of Bangladesh in December 1971, and its top leaders fled to West Pakistan. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the first president of Bangladesh, also cancelled the citizenship of Ghulam Azam, the leader of Jamaat-e-Islami who moved to Pakistan, the Middle East and the UK.[18] Azam first fled to Pakistan and organized "East Pakistan Recovery Week". As information about his participation in the killing of civilians came to light "a strong groundswell of resentment against" East Pakistan JI leadership developed and Azam and Maulana Abdur Rahim were sent to Saudi Arabia. In Saudi Arabia, Azam and some of his followers successfully appealed for donations to "defend Islam" in Bangladesh, asserting that the Hindu minority there were "killing Muslims and burning their homes."[19]
Then-President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was assassinated in August 1975 by a group of officers of Bangladesh Army. post-Mujibur governments were immediately recognized by both Saudi Arabia and Pakistan, and Jamaat-e-Islami resumed political activities in Bangladesh. Ziaur Rahman also allowed Azam to return to Bangladesh as the leader of Jamaat-e-Islami.[18]
After the end of Ershad's regime in 1990, mass protests began against Ghulam Azam and Jamaat-e-Islami, who were accused by protesters of committing war crimes. The protests were headed by Jahanara Imam, a author who lost her elder son, Shafi Imam Rumi, in the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. Azam's citizenship was challenged in a case that went to the Bangladesh Supreme Court, as he only held a Pakistani passport. Absent prosecution of Azam for war crimes, the Supreme Court ruled that he had to be allowed to have a Bangladeshi passport and the freedom to resume his political activities.[20]
Bangladesh Police arrested Jamaat-e-Islami chief and former Industry Minister Motiur Rahman Nizami from his home in Dhaka in a graft case on 19 May 2008 and was charged with war crimes in 2009. He was hanged to death on 11 May 2016.[21] Earlier, two former Cabinet Ministers of the immediate past BNP-Jamaat led coalition government, Abdul Mannan Bhuiyan and Shamsul Islam were sent to Dhaka Central Jail, after they surrendered before the court.[22][23]
As a result, in the parliamentary elections of December 2008, Jamaat-e-Islami garnered fewer than 5 seats out of the total 300 that constitute the national parliament. The Bangladesh Nationalist Party was concerned as Jamaat-e-Islami had been their primary political partner in the Four-Party Alliance.[24]
On 27 January 2009, the Bangladesh Supreme Court issued a ruling after 25 people from different Islamic organisations, including Bangladesh Tarikat Federation's Secretary General Syed Rezaul Haque Chandpuri, Jaker Party's Secretary General Munshi Abdul Latif and Sammilita Islami Jote's President Maulana Ziaul Hasan, filed a joint petition. Jamaat-e-Islami chief Motiur Rahman Nizami, Secretary General Ali Ahsan Mujaheed and the Election Commission Secretary were given six weeks time to reply, but they did not. The ruling asked to explain "why the Jamaat's registration should not be declared illegal". As a verdict of the ruling, High Court cancelled the registration of the Jamaat-e-Islami on 1 August 2013,[25][26] ruling that the party is unfit to contest national polls because its charter puts God above democratic process.Template:Efn
On 5 August 2013, the Supreme Court rejected Jamaat's plea against the High Court. The chamber judge of the Appellate Division Justice AHM Shamsuddin Choudhury Manik while rejecting the Jamaat's petition seeking stay on the High Court verdict, said that the Jamaat could move a regular appeal before the Appellate Division against the verdict after getting its full text.[27]
In February 2013, following the verdict by the International Crimes Tribunal (ICT) and the announcement of death sentence of Delwar Hossain Sayidee (a leader of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami,[28] during the Bangladesh independence war of 1971[29]), supporters of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami and its student wing, Islami Chhatra Shibir were involved in anti-Hindu violence; law enforcement killed 44 protesters and wounded 250.Template:Efn More than 50 temples were damaged, and more than 1,500 houses and business establishments of Hindus were torched in Gaibandha, Chittagong, Rangpur, Sylhet, Chapainawabganj, Bogra and in many other districts of the country,Template:Efn By March 2013, more than 87 people had been killed by law enforcement agencies.[30] Jamaat-e-Islami supporters called for the fall of the Awami League regime. Jamaat-e-Islami supporters have been accused of murdering opponent political party activists and instigating religious riots by spreading fraudulent news.Template:Efn
As a result of Jamaat-e-Islami and Shibir's support for the Bangladesh student quota protests,[31] Hasina's regime decided to fully ban the party on 1 August 2024.Template:Efn However, it was reversed on 28 August 2024 and the ban on Jamaat-Shibir and its affiliated organisations was officially lifted.[32] On 1 June 2025, Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami regained registration after a order by the Appellate Division of the Bangladesh Supreme Court.[8][9]
Ideology
Jamaat-e-Islami leaders and publications claim the party to be Islamic democrat and welfarist.[33] However, third-party and neutral sources identified the party's ideology more aligned with Islamism.[34] According to a JI publication titled An Introduction to Bangladesh Jamaate Islami, the party aims to turn Bangladesh into an "Islamic welfare state".[35] It's incumbent leader, Shafiqur Rahman, described his party to be a "modern, liberal democratic party, whose ideal is Islam".[36]
Ameer
The Ameer is the title of the head of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami. Following is the chronological list of ameers:
| No. | Name | From | To | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| East Pakistan | |||||||
| 01 | Abdur Rahim | 1956 | 1960 | ||||
| 02 | Ghulam Azam | 1960 | 1971 | ||||
| Bangladesh | |||||||
| Acting | Abbas Ali Khan | 1979 | 1992 | ||||
| 01 | Ghulam Azam | 1992 | 2000 | ||||
| 02 | Matiur Rahman Nizami | 2000 | 2016 | ||||
| 03 | Maqbul Ahmed | 2016 | 2019 | ||||
| 04 | Shafiqur Rahman | 2019 | Present | ||||
Controversies
Accusations of war crimes
Many of Jamaat's leaders were accused of committing war crimes and genocide during the independence war of Bangladesh in 1971 and several had been convicted by the International Crimes Tribunal.[37]
International Crimes Tribunal
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By November 2011, the International Crimes Tribunal had charged two BNP leaders and ten Jamaat leaders with war crimes committed during the Bangladesh War of Independence and 1971 Bangladesh genocide.
Abul Kalam Azad, a nationally known Islamic cleric and a former member of Jamaat, was charged with genocide, rape, abduction, confinement and torture. He was tried in absentia after having fled the country; police believed that he is in Pakistan.[38] In January 2013, Azad was the first suspect to be convicted in the trials; he was found guilty of seven of eight charges and sentenced to death by hanging.[39] Azad's defence lawyer, a prominent Supreme Court lawyer appointed by the state, did not have any witnesses in the case; he said Azad's family failed to cooperate in helping locate witnesses and refused to testify as there was no chance of a fair trial.[40]
The summary of verdict in the conviction of Abdul Quader Mollah recognized the role played by Jamaat-e-Islami and its student wing ('Islami Chatra Sangha') as collaborators with the Pakistan Army in 1971. The party was found guilty of forming paramilitary forces, such as Razakar and Al-Badr. It was said to have taken part in the systematic genocide of the Bangladeshi people and other violent activities.[41]
As a result of the trials, the activists of the 2013 Shahbag Protest have demanded that the government ban Jamaat from Bangladeshi politics.[42][43] In response, the government started drafting a bill to ban Jamaat-e-Islami from Bangladeshi politics.[44]
On 28 February 2013, Delwar Hossain Sayeedi, the deputy Ameer of Jamaat, was found guilty of genocide, rape and religious persecution. He was sentenced to death by hanging.[45] His defence lawyer had earlier complained that a witness who was supposed to testify for him was abducted from the gates of the courthouse on 5 November 2012, reportedly by police, and has not been heard from since. The government did not seem to take the issue seriously after the prosecution denied there was a problem. It is presumed that the security forces killed the witness as the entire judicial process was to vanish the opposition.[46]
Muhammad Kamaruzzaman, senior assistant secretary general of Jamaat-e-Islami was indicted on 7 June 2012 on 7 counts of crimes against humanity.[47] On 9 May 2013, he was convicted and given the death penalty on five counts of mass killings, rape, torture and kidnapping.[48]
Ghulam Azam, ameer of Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh until 2000 was found guilty by the ICT on five counts. Incitement, conspiracy, planning, abatement and failure to prevent murder. He was sentenced on 15 July 2013 to 90 years imprisonment.[49]
Ali Ahsan Mohammad Mojaheed, Secretary General of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami was sentenced to death by hanging on 22 November 2015.[50]
Chowdhury Mueen-Uddin, who fled to the UK after the independence of Bangladesh and a leader of the London-based Jamaat organisation Dawatul Islam,[51] was indicted for crimes against humanity and genocide and being a leader of the Al-Badr militia. He is also accused of the murder of East Pakistan's top intellectuals during the war, although he has denied all charges. These activities of then ruling government, Awami League, were widely criticized in the international community.[52]
Affiliated organisations
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Bangladesh Islami Chhatra Shibir
Bangladesh Islami Chhatrashibir functions as the de facto student wing of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami, with numerous former leaders advancing to hold prominent leadership roles within the party.[53] The organisation has significant presence at many colleges and universities of Bangladesh, including the Chittagong College, Government Bangla College, Dhaka College, Government Titumir College, University of Chittagong, University of Dhaka, Rajshahi University, Islamic University, Begum Rokeya University, Carmichael College etc. It is also influential in Madrasahs. It is the successor of East Pakistan Islami Chatra Sangha, the East Pakistan wing of Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba.Template:Efn It is a member of the International Islamic Federation of Student organizations and the World Assembly of Muslim Youth.[54][55]
Bangladesh Islami Chhatri Sangstha
Bangladesh Islami Chhatri Sangstha functions as the female student wing of Jamaat-e-Islami, being established in 15 July 1978.[56]
Bangladesh Mosque Mission
Bangladesh Mosque Mission functions as the mosque-based wing of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami.[57] It is also registered as a social welfare organisation and non-governmental organisation.[58]
Officially established on 25 November 1973, the organisation was registered with the Department of Social Services in 1976.[59]
It also manages three educational institutions, including:[58]
- Masjid Mission Academy
- Masjid Mission Academy School & College (boys)
- Masjid Mission Academy School & College (girls)
Other organisations
- Bangladesh Adarsha Shikkakh Federation (teachers wing)[60]
- National Doctors Forum (doctors wing)[61][62]
- Bangladesh Sramik Kalyan Federation (trade union)
- Bangladesh Lawyers Council (lawyers wing)[56]
- Bangladesh Chasi Kalyan Samiti (peasants wing)
- Samannito Sangskritik Sangsad (cultural wing)[56]
- Jatiyo Muktijoddha Parishad (freedom fighter wing)[63][64]
Election results
Jatiya Sangsad elections
| Election year | Party leader | Votes | % of Percentage | Seats | +/– | Position | Government |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1986 | Ghulam Azam | 1,314,057 | 4.60% | Template:Composition bar | Increase 10 | Increase 3rd | Opposition |
| 1988 | Boycotted | Template:Composition bar | Decrease 10 | — | Extra-parliamentary | ||
| 1991 | 4,117,737 | 12.2% | Template:Composition bar | Increase 18 | Increase 3rd | Opposition | |
| February 1996 | Boycotted | Template:Composition bar | Decrease 18 | — | Extra-parliamentary | ||
| June 1996 | 3,653,013 | 8.6 | Template:Composition bar | Increase 3 | Decrease 4th | Opposition | |
| 2001 | Motiur Rahman Nizami | 2,385,361 | 4.28 | Template:Composition bar | Increase 14 | Steady 4th | Coalition government |
| 2008 | 3,186,384 | 4.6% | Template:Composition bar | Decrease 15 | Steady 4th | Opposition | |
| 2014 | Did not contest | Template:Composition bar | Decrease 2 | — | Extra-parliamentary | ||
| 2018 | Maqbul Ahmed | Did not contest | Template:Composition bar | Steady 0 | — | Extra-parliamentary | |
| 2024 | Shafiqur Rahman | Did not contest | Template:Composition bar | Steady 0 | — | Extra-parliamentary | |
| Year | Results |
|---|---|
| 1973 | Party banned because it was an Islamist party and so was a threat to Secularism |
| 1979 | Party legalized under the name "Islamic Democratic League" Together with larger Muslim League won 20 seats. |
| 1986 | 10 seats.[1] |
| 1991 | 18 seats.[1] |
| 1996 | 3 seats.[1] |
| 2001 | 17 seats. (took part by forming alliance with 3 other parties.)[1] |
| 2008 | 2 seats.[65](took part by forming alliance with 3 other parties.) |
| 2013 | The Bangladesh Supreme Court declared the registration of the Jamaat-e-Islami illegal, ruling that the party is unfit to contest national polls.[66][67][68][69] |
1991 election
| # | Constituency | Member | Vote Percentages |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Dinajpur-6 | Azizur Rahman Chowdhury | 28.7% |
| 2 | Bogra-2 | Shahaduzzaman | 34.0% |
| 3 | Chapai Nawabganj-3 | Latifur Rahman | 35.3% |
| 4 | Naogaon-4 | Nasir Uddin | 49.8% |
| 5 | Natore-3 | Md. Abu Bakar | 36.0% |
| 6 | Pabna-1 | Motiur Rahman Nizami | 36.9% |
| 7 | Pabna-5 | Abdus Sobhan | 47.3% |
| 8 | Chuadanga-2 | Habibur Rahman | 36.6% |
| 9 | Jessore-6 | Md. Shakhawat Hossain | 47.3% |
| 10 | Bagerhat-4 | Abdus Sattar Akon | 42.9% |
| 11 | Khulna-6 | Shah Md. Ruhul Quddus | 40.5% |
| 12 | Satkhira-1 | Ansar Ali | 39.5% |
| 13 | Satkhira-2 | Kazi Shamsur Rahman | 38.6% |
| 14 | Satkhira-3 | AM Riasat Ali Biswas | 33.1% |
| 15 | Satkhira-5 | Gazi Nazrul Islam | |
| 16 | Rajbari-2 | AKM Aszad | |
| 17 | Chittagong-14 | Shajahan Chowdhury | 46.2% |
| 18 | Cox's Bazar-1 | Enamul Haq Manju | 35.0% |
June 1996 election
| # | Constituency | Member | Vote Percentages |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Nilphamari-3 | Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury | 31.3% |
| 2 | Satkhira-2 | Kazi Shamsur Rahman | 31.9% |
| 3 | Pirojpur-1 | Delwar Hossain Sayeedi | 37.0% |
2001 election
| # | Constituency | Member | Vote Percentages |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Dinajpur-1 | Abdullah Al Kafi | 44.9% |
| 2 | Dinajpur-6 | Azizur Rahman Chowdhury | 39.8% |
| 3 | Nilphamari-3 | Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury | 38.0% |
| 4 | Gaibandha-1 | Abdul Aziz Mia | 40.9% |
| 5 | Pabna-1 | Motiur Rahman Nizami | 57.7% |
| 6 | Pabna-5 | Abdus Sobhan | 56.8% |
| 7 | Jessore-2 | Abu Sayeed Md. Shahadat Hussain | 52.3% |
| 8 | Narail-2 | Shahidul Islam | 48.2% (96.6% by election) |
| 9 | Bagerhat-4 | Abdus Sattar Akon | 48.1% |
| 10 | Khulna-5 | Mia Golam Porwar | 49.6% |
| 11 | Khulna-6 | Shah Md. Ruhul Quddus | 56.9% |
| 12 | Satkhira-2 | Abdul Khaleque Mondal | 60.0% |
| 13 | Satkhira-3 | AM Riasat Ali Biswas | 55.0% |
| 14 | Satkhira-5 | Gazi Nazrul Islam | 54.9% |
| 15 | Pirojpur-1 | Delwar Hossain Sayeedi | 57.2% |
| 16 | Sylhet-5 | Farid Uddin Chowdhury | 49.1% |
| 17 | Comilla-12 | Dr. Syed Abdullah Muhammad Taher | 66.0% |
2008 election
| # | Constituency | Member | Vote Percentages |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Chittagong-14 | Shamsul Islam | 51.1% |
| 2 | Cox's Bazar-2 | A. H. M. Hamidur Rahman Azad | 53.9% |
See also
Notes
Footnotes
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References
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- ↑ a b c d e Template:Cite Banglapedia
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- ↑ Template:Cite thesis The Jama'at -i-Islami was founded in 1941. Maulana Maududi being its founder strongly opposed the idea of creating Pakistan, a separate Muslim country, by dividing India, but surprisingly after the creation of Pakistan, he migrated to Lahore. Again in the beginning, he was opposed to and denounced the struggle for Kashmir as un-Islamic, for which he was imprisoned in 1950, but later on in 1965, he changed his views and endorsed the Kashmir war as Jihad. Maulana Maududi took an active part in demanding discriminative legislation and executive action against the Ahmadi sect leading to widespread rioting and violence in Pakistan. He was persecuted arrested and imprisoned for advocating his political ideas through his writings and speeches. During the- military regime from 1958 the Jama'at-iIslami was banned and was revived only in 1962, Maududi was briefly imprisoned. He refused to apologize for his actions or to request clemency from the government. He demanded his freedom to speak and accepted the punishment of death as the will of God. His fierce commitment to his ideals caused his supporters worldwide to rally for his release and the government acceded commuting his death sentence to a term of life imprisonment. Eventually, the military government pardoned Maulana Maududi completely
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Sources
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External links
- Template:Sister-inline
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