Ball

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "other uses".Script error: No such module "Distinguish". Template:Pp-semi-indef Template:Pp-move Template:Use mdy dates Template:Multiple image A ball is a round object (usually spherical, but sometimes ovoid)[1][2][3] with several uses. It is used in ball games, where the play of the game follows the state of the ball as it is hit, kicked or thrown by players. Balls can also be used for simpler activities, such as catch or juggling. Balls made from hard-wearing materials are used in engineering applications to provide very low friction bearings, known as ball bearings. Black-powder weapons use stone and metal balls as projectiles.

Although many types of balls are today made from rubber, this form was unknown outside the Americas until after the voyages of Columbus. The Spanish were the first Europeans to see the bouncing rubber balls (although solid and not inflated) which were employed most notably in the Mesoamerican ballgame. Balls used in various sports in other parts of the world prior to Columbus were made from other materials such as animal bladders or skins, stuffed with various materials.

As balls are one of the most familiar spherical objects to humans, the word "ball" may refer to or describe spherical or near-spherical objects.

"Ball" is used metaphorically sometimes to denote something spherical or spheroid, e.g., armadillos and human beings curl up into a ball, or making a fist into a ball.

Etymology

The first known use of the word ball in English in the sense of a globular body that is played with was in 1205 in Layamon's Brut, or Chronicle of Britain in the phrase, "Script error: No such module "Lang"." ("Some of them drove balls far across the fields.") The word came from the Middle English bal (inflected as ball-e, -es), in turn from Old Norse böllr (pronounced Script error: No such module "IPA".; compare Old Swedish baller, and Swedish boll) from Proto-Germanic ballu-z (whence probably Middle High German bal, ball-es, Middle Dutch bal), a cognate with Old High German ballo, pallo, Middle High German balle from Proto-Germanic *ballon (weak masculine), and Old High German ballâ, pallâ, Middle High German balle, Proto-Germanic *ballôn (weak feminine). No Old English cognate of any of these is known. (The hypothetical corresponding forms in Old English would have been beallu, -a, -e—compare bealluc, ballock.) If ball- was native in Germanic, it may have been a cognate with the Latin foll-is in sense of a "thing blown up or inflated." In the later Middle English spelling balle the word coincided graphically with the French balle "ball" and "bale" which has hence been erroneously assumed to be its source. French balle (but not boule) is assumed to be of Germanic origin, itself, however. In Ancient Greek the word πάλλα (palla) for "ball" is attested[4] besides the word σφαίρα (sfaíra), sphere.[5]

History

File:Russian balls 12-13.jpg
Russian leather balls (Template:Langx), 12th-13th century.

Some form of game with a ball is found portrayed on Egyptian monuments.[6] In Homer, Nausicaa was playing at ball with her maidens when Odysseus first saw her in the land of the Phaeacians (Od. vi. 100). And Halios and Laodamas performed before Alcinous and Odysseus with ball play, accompanied with dancing (Od. viii. 370).[7] The most ancient balls in Eurasia have been discovered in Karasahr, China and are 3000 years old. They were made of hair-filled leather.[8]

Ancient Greeks

Among the ancient Greeks, games with balls (σφαῖραι) were regarded as a useful subsidiary to the more violent athletic exercises, as a means of keeping the body supple, and rendering it graceful, but were generally left to boys and girls. Of regular rules for the playing of ball games, little trace remains, if there were any such. The names in Greek for various forms, which have come down to us in such works as the Ὀνομαστικόν of Julius Pollux, imply little or nothing of such; thus, ἀπόρραξις (aporraxis) only means the putting of the ball on the ground with the open hand, οὐρανία (ourania), the flinging of the ball in the air to be caught by two or more players; φαινίνδα (phaininda) would seem to be a game of catch played by two or more, where feinting is used as a test of quickness and skill. Pollux (i. x. 104) mentions a game called episkyros (ἐπίσκυρος), which has often been looked on as the origin of football. It seems to have been played by two sides, arranged in lines; how far there was any form of "goal" seems uncertain.[7] It was impossible to produce a ball that was perfectly spherical;[9] children usually made their own balls by inflating pig's bladders and heating them in the ashes of a fire to make them rounder,[9] although Plato (fl. 420s BC – 340s BC) described "balls which have leather coverings in twelve pieces".[10]

Ancient Romans

Among the Romans, ball games were looked upon as an adjunct to the bath, and were graduated to the age and health of the bathers, and usually a place (sphaeristerium) was set apart for them in the baths (thermae). There appear to have been three types or sizes of ball, the pila, or small ball, used in catching games, the paganica, a heavy ball stuffed with feathers, and the follis, a leather ball filled with air, the largest of the three. This was struck from player to player, who wore a kind of gauntlet on the arm. There was a game known as trigon, played by three players standing in the form of a triangle, and played with the follis, and also one known as harpastum, which seems to imply a "scrimmage" among several players for the ball. These games are known to us through the Romans, though the names are Greek.[7]

Modern ball games

The various modern games played with a ball or balls and subject to rules are treated under their various names, such as polo, cricket, football, etc.[7]

Physics

In sports, many modern balls are pressurized. Some are pressurized at the factory (e.g. tennis, squash) and others are pressurized by users (e.g. volleyball, basketball, football). Almost all pressurized balls gradually leak air. If the ball is factory pressurized, there is usually a rule about whether the ball retains sufficient pressure to remain playable.[11][12] Depressurized balls lack bounce and are often termed "dead". In extreme cases, a dead ball becomes flaccid. If the ball is pressured on use, there are generally rules about how the ball is pressurized before the match, and when (or whether) the ball can be repressurized or replaced.

Due to the ideal gas law, ball pressure is a function of temperature, generally tracking ambient conditions. Softer balls that are struck hard (especially squash balls) increase in temperature due to inelastic collision.

On the contrary, in certain sports ball is solid, some with uniform material (e.g. most hockey variations, lacrosse), others with different layered materials (e.g. baseball, cricket). Finally, some sports use hollow ones (e.g. sepaktakraw, pickleball, floorball).

In outdoor sports, wet balls play differently than dry balls. In indoor sports, balls may become damp due to hand sweat. Any form of humidity or dampness will affect a ball's surface friction, which will alter a player's ability to impart spin on the ball. The action required to apply spin to a ball is governed by the physics of angular momentum. Spinning balls travelling through air (technically a fluid) will experience the Magnus effect, which can produce lateral deflections in addition to the normal up-down curvature induced by a combination of wind resistance and gravity.

Specifications

Template:Sticky table start Template:Sticky header

Sport Regulated by Type Shape Circumference Diameter Weight Pressure Bounce Material Image
Bat and ball sports
Baseball[13] WBSC Solid Sphere Template:Convert - Template:Convert -
  • cork or rubber (core)
  • yarn
  • white horsehide or cowhide (case)
 File:Baseball (crop).jpg
Softball[14] Template:Convert - Template:Convert - 0.47 e
  • long fiber kapok, mixture of cork and rubber or polyurethane mixture (core)
  • twisted yarn and covered with latex or rubber cement
  • horsehide or cowhide (case)
 File:Yellow softball.jpg
Baseball5[15] Filled with air, non inflatable 20.84 centimeters 6.64 centimeters 84,8 grams Template:Convert (to press the ball into the center of inside by 30%) 76 centimeters (from 150 centimeters in height, drop to marble floor) natural rubber
Pêl-Fas IBB[16] Solid Sphere Template:Convert - Template:Convert File:Wales Vs England Baseball International ball.jpg
Pesäpallo Finnish Pesäpallo Association[17] Solid Sphere Template:Convert - Template:Convert File:Pesäpallo ball.JPG
Cricket ICC[18] Solid Sphere Template:Convert - Template:Convert - File:Cricket-ball-red-madeinaustralia.jpg
Oină Romanian Oină Federation[19] Solid Sphere 24 centimeters 8 centimeters 140 grams
  • livestock hair
  • leather (case)
Schlagball[20][21] Filled with air, non inflatable Sphere 19-21 centimeters - 70-85 grams - red leather covered
Stoolball Stoolball England[22] Solid Sphere Template:Convert - Template:Convert
Boules
Boccia BISFed[23] Solid Sphere 26.2-27.8 cm - 263-287 grames - vinyl, polyurethane fabric, leather, synthetic leather, suede File:Boccia at the 2024 Summer Paralympics - September 8.jpg
Bocce volo (bowl)[24] WPBF Solid Sphere - 8.9-11.1 centimeters 900-1200 grams - metal or synthetic File:Boule ferrée.jpg
Bocce volo (jack)[24] 3.5-3.7 centimeters 23-27 grams wood
Petanque (boule)[25] - 7.05-8 centimeters 650-800 grams - metal File:Boule.kugel.jpg
Petanque (jack)[25] 2.9-3.1 centimeters 10-18 grams wood or synthetic
Raffa (bowl)[26] - 10.55-10.75 centimeters 895-925 grams - synthetic
Raffa (pallino)[26] 3.9-4.1 centimeters 83-97 grams
Cue sports
Carom[27] WCBS Solid Sphere - 6.1-6.15

centimeters

205-220 grams - File:Carom billiards balls.jpg
Pool[28] - Template:Convert Template:Convert - cast phenolic resin plastic File:Billiards 10 balls.jpg
Snooker[29] - 5.2-5.3 centimeters - - File:Situació de snooker xinès.jpg
Football codes
American IFAF[30] Inflatable Lemon[31] Template:Convert (longitudinal) ×

Template:Convert (transversal)

Template:Convert (longitudinal) Template:Convert Template:Convert urethane (bladder), case (leather) File:Wilson American football.jpg
Canadian Football Canada[32] Template:Convert (longitudinal)

Template:Convert (transversal)

Template:Convert (longitudinal)

Template:Convert (transversal)

File:Canadian football.png
Soccer[33] FIFA Inflatable Sphere Template:Convert - Template:Convert Template:Convert - - File:Football Pallo valmiina-cropped.jpg
Beach soccer[34] 68-70 centimeters - 400-440 grams Template:Convert - - File:Beach soccer ball.jpeg
Futsal[35] 62-64 centimeters - Template:Convert 50-65 centimeters on the first rebound when dropped from a height of 2 meters - File:Pallone futsal Agla.jpg
Australian rules AFL Commission[36] Inflatable Prolate spheroid 72 – 73 cm (elliptic) ×

54.5 -55.5 cm (circular)

- - 69 kilopascals - File:Sherrin.png
Gaelic and International rules GAA[37] Inflatable Sphere 68-70 centimeters - 480-500 grams Template:Convert 0.5222-0.576 e when dropped from 1.8 meters - File:Gaelic football ball on pitch.jpg
Rugby league IRL[38] Inflatable Prolate spheroid leather File:Steedenfootball.jpg
Rugby union World Rugby[39] 74 - 77 centimeters (elliptic) ×

58 - 62 centimeters (circular)

28-30 centimeters (longitudinal) 410 - 460 grams Template:Convert leather or synthetic material File:Afghan Rugby.jpg
Handball
Indoor (with resine) IHF[40] Inflatable Sphere 58-60 centimeters - 425-475 grams leather or synthetic File:Гандбол.jpg
Indoor (without resine) 55.5-57.5 centimeters - 400-425 grams
Beach[41] 54-56 centimeters - 350-370 grams rubber File:Beach handball at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Girls Consolation Round – ASA-HKG 113.jpg
Hockey
Ball hockey ISBHF[42] Sphere - 6.6-7 centimeters 60-77 grams
Bandy and Rink bandy FIB[43] Solid Sphere - 6.1-6.5 centimeters 60-65 grams - 15-30 centimeters on ice dropped from height of 1.5 meters - File:Bandy ball (Orange).JPG
Field[44] and indoor[45] FIH Solid Sphere 22.4-23.5 centimeters - 156-163 grams - - File:Balle de hockey sur gazon.jpg
Beach[46] 45 centimeters - 140-250 grams - -
Floorball IFF[47] Hollow Sphere - 7.1-7.3 centimeters 22-24 grams - 74-84 centimeters File:Floorball ball.jpg
Roller World Skate[48] Solid Sphere - 7.2 centimeters 145-155 grams - pressed rubber/plastic File:Roller-hockey-(Quad)-Ball.jpg
Lacrosse
Field[49] and Box[50] World Lacrosse Solid Sphere Template:Convert - Template:Convert - Template:Convert on wooden floor from height of Template:Convert rubber File:Brine lax ball.jpg
Sixes[51] 19.7-20.3 centimeters - - - elastomeric
Women[52] 20-20.3 centimeters - 142-149 grams - 1.1-1.3 meters on wooden floor dropped from height of 1.8 meters
Intercrosse[53] Sphere 23-25 centimeters - 80-100 grams - rubber
Polo
Polo[54][55][56] FIP Solid Sphere - Template:Convert Template:Convert - File:Poloball.JPG
Arena[57][58] Template:Convert - 130-182 grams from Template:Convert on concrete at Template:Convert, Template:Convert rebound File:Polobaelle für Sand und Schnee.jpg
Racquet sports
Pickleball[59][60] Multiple Hollow Sphere - Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert when dropped from a height of Template:Convert Molded material with a smooth surface with between 26 and 40 evenly spaced circular holes File:Pickleball yellow ball7.jpg
Squash WSF[61] Filled with air, non inflatable Sphere - 3.95-4.05 centimeters 23-25 grams - File:Squash Ball Dunlop Revelation Pro 1.jpg
Table tennis ITTF[62] Filled with air, non inflatable Sphere - 4 centimeters 2.7 grams - plastic File:Assortment of 40 mm table tennis balls.jpg
Tennis ITF[63] Filled with air, non inflatable Sphere - Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert File:Tennis ball 01.jpg
Volleyball
Volleyball[64] FIVB Inflatable Sphere 65-67 centimeters - 260 - 280 grams Template:Convert rubber (bladder), leather or synthetic leather (case) File:Volleyball.jpg
Beach[65] and Snow[66] 66-68 centimeters - 17.1-22.1 kilopascals File:Mikasa VLS300 official beach volleyball.jpg
Other
Basketball FIBA[67] Inflatable Sphere 75-77 centimeters - 580-620 grams 1.035-1.085 meters dropped from height of 1.8 meters leather, artificial/composite/synthetic leather File:Basketball.png
Bowling[68] IBF Solid Sphere Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert - non-metallic File:20190118B Plastic bowling ball fingertip grip.jpg
Cycle ball UCI[69] Sphere - 17-18 centimeters 500-600 grams - textile (case) File:20190530 Dresden - Die Welt der DDR - 082.jpg
Dodgeball WDA[70] Inflatable Sphere - Template:Convert Template:Convert textile (case)
Gaelic games GAA[71] Solid Sphere - Template:Convert 110-116 grams - leather (case) File:A Hurling Sliotar.jpg
Goalball IBSA[72] Hollow Sphere 75.5-78.5 centimeters 24-25 centimeters 1200-1300 grams natural rubber with internal bells
Golf[73][74] IGF Solid Sphere - Template:Convert Template:Convert - elastomeric material File:Golfball.jpg
Korfball IKF[75] Inflatable Sphere 68-70.5 centimeters - 445-475 grams 110-130 centimeters (from 180 centimeters in height)
Netball World Netball[76] Inflatable Sphere Template:Convert - Template:Convert leather, rubber or synthetic material.
Sepaktakraw ISTAF[77] Hollow Sphere 41-43 centimeters - 170-180 grams - woven synthetic fiber File:Takraw Ball 2014-08-20 10-44.jpg
Shinty Camanachd Association[78] Solid Sphere Template:Convert - Template:Convert -
  • cork or rubber (core)
  • worted
  • leather or leather-like (case)
Tchoukball FITB[79] Inflatable Sphere 58-60 centimeters - 425-475 grams
Teqball FITEQ[80] Inflatable Sphere 67-69 centimeter - 370-400 grams Template:Convert
  • leather or leather-like (case)
  • latex (bladder)
Waterpolo and Canoe Polo World Aquatics[81] and ICF[82] Inflatable Sphere 68-71 centimeters - 400-450 grams Template:Convert File:NewWaterPoloBall.JPG

Template:Sticky table end

See also

Template:Sister project

Gallery

References

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:Sister-inline Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ πάλλα Template:Webarchive, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
  5. ↑ σφαίρα Template:Webarchive, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b c d Template:Cite EB1911
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