Minangkabau language
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Minangkabau (/ˌmēnäŋkəˈbau̇/ Script error: No such module "Respell".; Script error: No such module "Lang"., Jawi: Script error: No such module "Lang"., IPAScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".: [ˈbaso mi.naŋˈka.bau]), simply known as Minang, is an Austronesian language spoken by the Minangkabau of West Sumatra, the western part of Riau, the southern and western coast of Aceh, the northern part of Bengkulu and Jambi, also in several cities throughout Indonesia by migrated Minangkabau.[1] The language is also a lingua franca along the western coastal region of the province of North Sumatra, and is even used in parts of Aceh, where it is known as the Aneuk Jamee dialect.
Minangkabau is similar to Malay. The relationship between the languages is characterized in different ways. Some see Minangkabau as an early variety of Malay, while others think of Minangkabau as a distinct (Malayic) language.[2]
Minangkabau is one of a few languages that generally lacks verb forms and grammatical subject-object distinctions.[3]Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
The Minangkabau language is still commonly spoken amongst the Minangkabau people, and it is used amongst the widespread Minangkabau diaspora. The Minangkabau language is deemed as "informal" in the urban regions of Padang, with the Indonesian language being preferred instead in formal institutions. Youth in the city frequently uses a mixture of conversational Minang and Indonesian slang.
Geographic distribution
Minangkabau is the native language of the Minangkabau people of West Sumatra.[1] There are approximately 5.5 million speakers of the language. It is also spoken in the western part of Riau, the southern and western coast of Aceh, the northern part of Bengkulu and Jambi.[1] Along the western coastal region of North Sumatra, the language is also a lingua franca. The language is used and called Aneuk Jamee in parts of Aceh.
Besides Indonesia, Minangkabau is also spoken in Malaysia, by some descendants of migrants from the Minang-speaking region in Sumatra (Ranah Minang, Tanah Minang, or Land of the Minang). Significant numbers of the early migrants settled in what is now the Malaysian state of Negeri Sembilan; this Negeri Sembilan Malay, known as Bahaso Nogori / Baso Nogoghi, is now a distinct language, more closely related to Malay than to Minangkabau. More recent immigrants are known as Minang.
Dialects
The Minangkabau language has several dialects, sometimes differing between nearby villages (e.g. separated by a river). The dialects are Rao Mapat Tunggul, Muaro Sungai Lolo, Payakumbuh, Pangkalan-Lubuk Alai, Agam-Tanah Datar, Pancungsoal, Kotobaru, Sungai Bendung Air, and Karanganyar.[4] In everyday communication between Minangkabau people of different regions, the Agam-Tanah Datar dialect (Baso Padang or Baso Urang Awak 'our [people's] language') is often used and has become a kind of standard.
The Tapan language, spoken in the town of Tapan in southern West Sumatra province, is a recently discovered Malayan language which has been proposed as related to but not part of Minangkabau. Together, Tapan and Minangkabau would form a Greater Minangkabau subgroup.[5] The two languages Tapan and Muko-Muko form a Lunangic subgroup within the Minangic (Greater Minangkabau) language group.[5][6]
The Minangic subgroup is characterized by the following word-final sound changes.[6]
- *V[hi]ŋ > V[hi]ăŋ
- *us > uĭh
- *at > eʔ
- *as > eh
- *is > ih
Phonology
The sound inventory of Minangkabau is listed below:[7]
Consonants
Vowels
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Angbr | Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Angbr, Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Angbr |
| Mid | Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Angbr | Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Angbr |
| Open | Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Angbr, Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Angbr | |
Example
Sentences
| English | Minangkabau | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| How are you now? | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| I'm well. How about you? | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| What is your name? | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| My name is ... | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| Thank you. | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| The trees in the jungle don't have the same height, moreover the people. (Proverb) | Script error: No such module "Lang". (Pribaso) | Script error: No such module "Lang". (Peribahasa) |
| "As the frog swims, so he/she swims too." (He/she is doing something without having a goal.) | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| Don't throw the rubbish here! (Command) | Script error: No such module "Lang". (Parintah) | Script error: No such module "Lang". (Perintah) |
| Do not touch! You will burn your hand. | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Numerals
| Number | Minangkabau | Indonesian | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | one |
| 2 | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | two |
| 3 | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | three |
| 4 | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | four |
| 5 | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | five |
| 6 | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | six |
| 7 | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | seven |
| 8 | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | eight |
| 9 | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | nine |
| 10 | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | ten |
| 11 | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | eleven |
| 15 | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | fifteen |
| 50 | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | fifty |
| 100 | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | one hundred/a hundred |
| 150 | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | one hundred and fifty |
| 500 | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | five hundred |
| #,000 | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | thousand |
| #,000,000 | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | million |
| #,000,000,000 | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | billion |
See also
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References
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- ↑ a b c Kajian Serba Linguistik : Untuk Anton Moeliono Pereksa Bahasa (2000)
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Nadra, Reniwati, and Efri Yades, Daerah Asal dan Arah Migrasi Orang Minangkabau di Provinsi Jambi Berdasarkan Kajian Variasi Dialektikal (2008)
- ↑ a b Kurniati, S., Putri, Y. P., Wichmann, S., & Gil, D. (2011). Tapan: An Exploration in Malayic Subgrouping. Paper presented at the 15th International Symposium on Malay Indonesian Linguistics (ISMIL 15).
- ↑ a b Gil, D. & McKinnon, T. (2015). Excrescent Nasals in Malayic Dialects of Western Sumatra. Paper presented at the 13th International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics (13-ICAL).
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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Further reading
- Nurlela Adnan, Ermitati, Rosnida M. Nur, Pusat Bahasa (Indonesia), Balai Pustaka (Persero), PT. 2001 – Indonesian-Minangkabau dictionary (Kamus bahasa Indonesia-Minangkabau), 841 pages.
- Marjusman Maksan, Yulina Kasim, Tamsin Medan, Syamsir Arifin, Basri, A. Razak Sikumbang, 1984, Geografi Dialek Bahasa Minangbakau, Jakarta, Pusat Pembinaan Dan Pengembangan Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan, 1984.
- Tata Bahasa Minangkabau, Gerard Moussay (original title La Langue Minangkabau, translated from French by Rahayu S. Hidayat), Template:ISBN.
External links
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