Azolla cristata
Template:Short description Template:Speciesbox
Azolla cristata, the Carolina mosquito fern,[1] Carolina azolla, or water velvet, is a species of the Azolla genus native to the Americas, in eastern North America from southern Ontario southward, from the east coast west to Wisconsin and Texas, the Caribbean, and in Central and South America from southeastern Mexico (Chiapas) south to northern Argentina and Uruguay.[2]
It is a freshwater aquatic fern, with scale-like fronds 5–10 mm long, green to reddish, most often reddish in winter and in strong light. They are covered in tiny trichomes that give it the appearance of velvet.[3][4] It is able to fix nitrogen from the air by means of symbiotic cyanobacteria. It can survive winter water temperatures of Script error: No such module "convert"., with optimum summer growth between Script error: No such module "convert"..[5]
Identification
Distinguishing this species from Azolla filiculoides involves examining the trichomes (small bumps that create water resistance) on the upper surfaces of the leaves. They are unicellular in A. filiculoides but septate (two-celled) in A. cristata.[6]
Name
This species has erroneously been known under the name Azolla caroliniana. However, research by Evrard and Van Hove found that the type specimen of A. caroliniana actually consists of plants of Azolla filiculoides and so the name caroliniana has been improperly applied to this species.[6]
Cultivation and uses
A. cristata is of commercial importance in cultivation in southern and eastern Asia as a biofertilizer, valued for its nitrogen-fixing ability, which benefits crops such as rice when the fern is grown under it and reduces the need for artificial fertilizer.[5] The thick mat of fronds (up to 4 cm thick[3]) also suppresses weed growth.[5] Harvested fronds are also used as a food for fish and poultry.[5] It is also often used as a floating plant in both coldwater and tropical aquaria, as well as in outdoor ponds; it is propagated by division.[7]
References
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- ↑ Template:GRIN
- ↑ a b Flora of North America: Azolla cristata
- ↑ Aquatic Plant Information System: Azolla Template:Webarchive
- ↑ a b c d NESAC: Package of Practice for Azolla
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Hiscock, P. (2003). Encyclopedia of Aquarium Plants. Interpret Publishing, United States and Canada Template:ISBN.
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External links
- The Azolla Foundation
- Azolla Philippines A website dedicated to the distribution of Azolla for propagation as alternative livestock feed.