Ashot I of Armenia

Template:Short description Template:Infobox royalty Ashot I (Template:Langx; c. 820 – 890) was a king of Armenia who oversaw the beginning of Armenia's second golden age (862 – 977). He was the son of Smbat VIII the Confessor and was a member of the Bagratuni dynasty.

Life

Early life

Ashot was born around 820 to Smbat VIII Bagratuni and his wife Hripsime. Smbat VIII was sparapet (supreme commander) and the son of Ashot Msaker, the Prince of Armenia (r. 806–826).Template:Sfn Ashot also had a brother named Abas. The family, the Bagratunis, was one of the most powerful in the kingdom, along with the Artsruni. Both families struggled for power through warfare against Arab invaders. The kingdom was later taken over by Armenians who overthrew the Arab government. Smbat VIII was exiled to Samarra, where he later died.Template:Sfn Ashot continued to live in his father's quarters,Template:Sfn located around the city of Bagaran.Template:Sfn He was married to Katranide.Template:Sfn Like Smbat before him, Ashot was named sparapet in 856 by the Abbasid Caliph al-Mutawakkil.Template:Sfn

Prince of princes of Armenia

File:Arab-Byzantine frontier zone.svg

The Arab-Byzantine frontier zone during Ashot's lifetime.

During the Arab-Byzantine Wars, much of Ashot's territory was located near the main site of conflict. In 862, following the Battle of Karasounk Ashot was recognized as the prince of princes of Armenia, of Georgia and of the lands of the Caucasus by Abbasid Caliph al-Musta'in, who saw this as a measure of protection against the local autonomous emirs.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn This title essentially granted Ashot the status of de facto kingTemplate:Sfn and placed him at a similar level of power as the emirs,Template:Sfn but did not allow Ashot to have administrative rule over the kingdom.Template:Sfn Ashot kept this status during the reigns of Abbasid Caliphs al-Mu'tazz (866–869), al-Muhtadi (869–870) and al-Mu'tamid (870–892).

Ashot annexed Bagrevand in 862, shortly after the death of the ruling Mamikonian dynasty's head, Grigor Mamikonian.Template:Sfn Ashot mediated between Grigor-Derenik Artsruni and Gurgen Artsruni, cousins and members of the Artsruni family who controlled Vaspurakan.Template:Sfn Ashot then captured Grigor-DerenikTemplate:Sfn and reduced the size of the cantons around Van.Template:Sfn Ashot released Grigor-Derenik to avoid further conflict with the Artsruni family. Ashot later arranged a marriage between his daughter, Sophie, and Grigor-Derenik, in order to reconcile.Template:Sfn Ashot also strengthened relations with the Siunia dynasty by arranging another marriage between his second daughter, Mariam, with Prince Vasak Gabur IV.Template:Sfn These familial ties helped strengthen relations between Ashot's sons and the surrounding dynasties.

Ashot used this support to wage war against the emirs. He began by defeating the Kaysites of Manazkert in 863,Template:Sfn with the help of his brother and sparapet, Abas Bagratuni.Template:Sfn In 877, he began to fight against the emir of Barda alongside his ostikan; however, failure of this ostikan led to his replacement.Template:Sfn The new ostikan made a secret peace treaty with the emir and betrayed Ashot. Ashot learned of the conspiracy against him and sent Abas to disarm the ostikan in Dvin; Abas escorted him to the border under Ashot's orders in order to prevent the caliph's retaliation.Template:Sfn Ashot defeated the emirs of Barda and Manazkert, laying siege to the latter city in 884; however, the siege was ceased prematurely. The siege caused Grigor-Derenik to worry about the borders of Taron, which was under Grigor-Derenik's control.Template:Sfn Ashot gained control of the Gugark and Utik regionsTemplate:Sfn as early as 860.Template:Sfn

Ashot's reach also extended to Caucasian Iberia, where some of his Bagratuni family had settled in the late 7th century. There, around 875, he formed an alliance with Bagrat I of Iberia, his stepbrother, against Bagrat's brother, Guaram Mampali.Template:Sfn Together, Ashot and Bagrat defeated Guaram. In 881, Ashot formed an alliance with David I of Iberia and Adarnase IV of Iberia, Bagrat's son and grandson, respectively, to defeat Guaram's son, Nasra of Tao-Klarjeti.Template:Sfn

King of Armenia

File:87EarlyBagratid884-962.gif

The borders of Bagratid Armenia from 884 to 962.

Several contemporary prominent Armenians, including Grigor-Derenik Vaspurakan, insisted on Ashot's coronation.Template:Sfn Ashot was crowned King of Armenia through the consent of Caliph al-Mu'tamid in 885 to prevent intrusion into Armenian territory by Basil I, a Byzantine emperor of Armenian origin.Template:Sfn As a result of his coronation, Ashot restored the Armenian monarchy and became the founder of the medieval Kingdom of Armenia, also known as Bagratid Armenia, named after the contemporary rule of the Bagratunis. The Bagratid kingdom lasted until 1045, when it was annexed into the Byzantine Empire.Template:Sfn

Despite his status, Ashot remained a subordinate to the Caliph and was put under the supervision of the emirs of Atropatene.Template:Sfn Every Armenian prince fell under Ashot's authority (though in the effect of primus inter paresTemplate:Sfn). Dvin and the emirates of Manazkert and Karin (and, according to Constantine VII, Khoy and Salmas)Template:Sfn also fell under Ashot's control, despite the local governments' unwillingness to accept.Template:Sfn The emir of Manazkert was in this way defeated and was forced to submit to Ashot's rule in 885.Template:Sfn

Ashot's influence continued not only in Armenia but also in Iberia. After the death of Grigor-Derenik Artsruni in 887, Ashot placed his own grandson (and Grigor-Derenik's son), Ashot-Sargis Artsruni, under the rule of relative Gagik Aboumerwan Artsruni.Template:Sfn In 887 and 888, Ashot supported his nephew Adarnase IV of Iberia in overthrowing Bagrat I of Abkhazia.Template:Sfn Also in 888, Ashot sent his brother Abas to Kars to stop a rebellion led by Prince Sahak-Mleh of Vanand.Template:Sfn

Ashot travelled to Gugark to stop another rebellion, fighting alongside his son and heir, Smbat I. He died in 890. Contemporary historian Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi gives an account of his death:

Since he died on the road, in an inn at a rocky place called K'arsparn, they carried away his body in a coffin and brought it to the town (awan) of Bagaran, the royal residence, where they covered the coffin with robes and veils interwoven and adorned with gold; and carefully selected detachments of military forces clad in arms and ornaments stood guard. The great katholikos, accompanied by the rest of the clerics of the church, also came forth and solemnly chanted psalms and raised the voice of [their] praise. His three sons, the senior [gaherec'] princes of the royal house and other friends followed the coffin, and thus they arrived at the cemetery....Then, building a tomb [suitable] for royalty, they buried him in the cemetery of his ancestors.Template:Sfn

Smbat I succeeded him.

Armenian growth under rule

Ashot's restoration of the Armenian monarchy was accompanied by economic growthTemplate:Sfn and a revival of the arts and religion.Template:Sfn Several cultural buildings were restored and renovated. Under Ashot's reign, the first khachkar was created in 879 as a tribute to Ashot's wife, Katranide.Template:Sfn Urban growth began to occurTemplate:Sfn and agriculture flourished. Vineyards became a very successful industry.Template:Sfn

Religious affairs

File:Sevanavank über dem Sewansee 03.JPG

Sevanavank Monastery, founded in 874 by Ashot's daughter Mariam and endowed by Ashot.Template:Sfn

Ashot supported the Armenian Apostolic Church during his reign.Template:Sfn Ashot saw the possibility of the church merging with the Orthodox Byzantine Church, due to the Byzantine Empire's influence in the region,Template:Sfn and feared that the Byzantine Empire would deny him his claim to the throne. In 862, when the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Photios I attempted to unite the Armenian Church by sending two letters to Catholicos Zacharias I and Ashot, Zacharias and Ashot summoned a council in Yerazgavors;Template:Sfn the ambiguous responseTemplate:Sfn was formulated by Ashot.Template:Sfn Ashot continued to receive epistolary communication; in 882, he received a letter with a piece of the True Cross awarded to Catholicos Mashtots I, who was a friend of Ashot (the cross has since been lost).Template:Sfn Ashot also supported the Armenian Church's desire to separate from the Church of Caucasian Albania.Template:Sfn Ashot donated several treasures to the Armenian Catholicos to distribute to the churches.Template:Sfn