Ashéninka language
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Distinguish". Template:Use dmy dates Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox/styles-images.css" />Script error: No such module "Check for conflicting parameters". Ashéninka (Ashéninca, Ashéninga) is the name that some varieties included in the Ashéninka-Asháninka dialect complex have traditionally received. These varieties belong to the Campan branch of the Arawak family.[2] Ethnologue distinguishes seven languages throughout the whole complex, while Pedrós[2] proposes a division in three languages (Ashéninka, Asháninka and Northern Ashé-Ashá) based on the principle of mutual intelligibility. The varieties included in Ashéninka and Northern Ashé-Ashá have traditionally been called Ashéninka. Glottolog reflects Pedrós’ proposal, although considering the languages proposed by him as groupings of the languages that the Ethnologue distinguishes.
According to the indigenous peoples database of the Peruvian Ministry of Education,[1] there are 15,281 people living in Ashéninka communities, of whom 8,774 (57%) claim to be able to speak the language. Ethnologue gives much higher figures for the different Ashéninka varieties.
The classification of the different varieties was first established by David Payne in his Apurucayali Axininca grammar,[3] but he referred to them as dialects and not as different languages.[3]Template:Rp
Ashéninka is a locally official language in Peru, as are all native Peruvian languages. It and its relatives are also known by the allegedlyScript error: No such module "Unsubst". pejorative term Campa.
Phonology
Consonants
Pedrós (2023)[4] shows the following consonant inventory for Ucayali-Pajonal (South Ucayali and Pajonal):
Judith Payne (1989)[5] describes the following consonant inventory for Pichis:
David Payne (1981)[3] shows the same inventory for the Apurucayali variety, but without the palatalized consonants Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". and with the palatal fricative /Template:IPA link/.
Mihas[6] shows a similar inventory for the Alto Perené variety with few differences. These are that Mihas does not include neither Script error: No such module "IPA". nor Script error: No such module "IPA".; David Payne's contrast Script error: No such module "IPA". is considered Script error: No such module "IPA". by Mihas, and she does not include any palatalized consonant because she considers them two-consonant clusters (Cj). These three varieties are included in Pedrós' Northern Ashé-Ashá group.[2]
Vowels
Judith Payne,[5] Mihas[6] and Pedrós[4] show a four-vowel system Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., while, in David Payne's Apurucayali,[3] there are only three Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA".. All varieties distinguish between long [Vː] and short vowels without any change in quality.
Alphabet
Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Ashéninka was recognized as a separate language from Asháninka in 2017, and the process to fix an alphabet finished in April 2019 with its approval by the Ministry of Education.[7]
References
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