Arctostaphylos
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Arctostaphylos (Template:IPAc-en;Template:Refn[1] from Template:Wikt-lang Template:Grc-tr "bear" and Template:Wikt-lang Template:Grc-tr "bunch of grapes") is a genus of plants comprising the manzanitas (Template:IPAc-enTemplate:RefnTemplate:Refn) and bearberries. There are about 60 species of Arctostaphylos, ranging from ground-hugging arctic, coastal, and mountain shrub to small trees up to Template:Convert tall. Most are evergreen (one species deciduous), with small oval leaves Template:Convert long, arranged spirally on the stems. The flowers are bell-shaped, white or pale pink, and borne in small clusters of 2–20 together; flowering is in the spring. The fruit are small berries, ripening in the summer or autumn. The berries of some species are edible.
Arctostaphylos species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Coleophora arctostaphyli (which feeds exclusively on A. uva-ursi) and Coleophora glaucella.
Distribution
Manzanitas, the bulk of Arctostaphylos species, are present in the chaparral biome of western North America, where they occur from southern British Columbia in Canada, Washington to California and New Mexico in the United States, and throughout much of northern and central Mexico.
One species, however, A. uva-ursi (common bearberry), is adapted to arctic and subarctic climates and has a circumpolar distribution in northern North America, Asia and Europe.
An unusual association of manzanita occurs on Hood Mountain, in Sonoma County, California, where stands of pygmy forest dominated by Hesperocyparis sargentii are found.
Fossil record
One fossil fruit of †Arctostaphylos globula and several fossil fruits of †Arctostaphylos menzelii have been described from middle Miocene strata of the Fasterholt area near Silkeborg in Central Jutland, Denmark.[2]
Cultivation
Cultivation is generally difficult due to fungal diseases, and often salinity and alkalinity. Overhead watering should be avoided in hot weather. Some cultivars are easier to grow.
Taxonomy
The following species are recognised in the genus Arctostaphylos:[3] Template:Div col
- Arctostaphylos acutifolia Eastw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos andersonii A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos auriculata Eastw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos australis Eastw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos bakeri Eastw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos bolensis P.V.WellsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos canescens Eastw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos catalinae P.V.WellsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos caucasica Lipsch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos columbiana PiperScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos confertiflora Eastw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos cratericola (Donn.Sm.) Donn.Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos crustacea Eastw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos cruzensis RoofScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos densiflora M.S.BakerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos edmundsii J.T.HowellScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos franciscana Eastw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos gabilanensis V.T.Parker & M.C.VaseyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos glutinosa B.Schreib.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos × helleri Eastw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos hispidula HowellScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos hookeri G.DonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos hooveri P.V.WellsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos imbricata Eastw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos incognita J.E.Keeley, Massihi, J.Delgad. & HiralesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos insularis Greene & ParryScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos × jepsonii Eastw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos klamathensis S.W.Edwards, Keeler-Wolf & W.KnightScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos × laxiflora A.Heller ex Eastw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos luciana P.V.WellsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos malloryi (W.Knight & Gankin) P.V.WellsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos manzanita ParryScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos × media GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos mewukka MerriamScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos montana Eastw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos montaraensis RoofScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos montereyensis HooverScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos moranii P.V.WellsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos morroensis Wiesl. & B.Schreib.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos myrtifolia ParryScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos nevadensis A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos nissenana MerriamScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos nortensis (P.V.Wells) P.V.WellsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos nummularia A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos obispoensis Eastw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos ohloneana M.C.Vasey & V.T.ParkerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos osoensis P.V.WellsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos otayensis Wiesl. & B.Schreib.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos pacifica RoofScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos pajaroensis J.E.AdamsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos pallida Eastw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos parryana LemmonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos × parvifolia HowellScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos patula GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos pechoensis (Abrams) Dudley ex AbramsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos peninsularis P.V.WellsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos pilosula Jeps. & Wiesl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos pringlei ParryScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos pumila Nutt.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos pungens KunthScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos purissima P.V.WellsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos rainbowensis J.E.Keeley & MassihiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos refugioensis GankinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos regismontana Eastw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos × repens (Howell) P.V.WellsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos rudis Jeps. & Wiesl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos sensitiva Jeps.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos silvicola Jeps. & Wiesl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos stanfordiana ParryScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos × strigosa HowellScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos tomentosa (Pursh) Lindl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos virgata Eastw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos viridissima (Eastw.) McMinnScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos viscida ParryScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arctostaphylos wellsii W.KnightScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Ranges
- Subgenus Micrococcus
- Sect. Micrococcus
| Species | Common name | Range |
|---|---|---|
| mendocinoensis | Pygmy manzanita | |
| myrtifolia | Ione manzanita | California (Amador, Calaveras Counties) |
| nissenana | Nissenan manzanita | California (coastal and inland ranges north of San Francisco Bay) |
| nummularia | Glossyleaf manzanita | California (Mendocino County) |
- Subgenus Arctostaphylos, which has three sections:
- Sect. Arctostaphylos
| Species | Common name | Range |
|---|---|---|
| alpina | Alpine bearberry | |
| bakeri | Baker's manzanita | California (Sonoma County) |
| densiflora | Sonoma manzanita | California (Sonoma County) |
| edmundsii | Little Sur manzanita | California (Monterey County) |
| franciscana | Franciscan manzanita | California (San Francisco County) |
| gabrielensis | San Gabriel manzanita | California (Los Angeles County) |
| glauca | Bigberry manzanita | California and Baja California |
| hispidula | Gasquet manzanita | Coastal mountain ranges of southern Oregon and northern California |
| hookeri | Hooker's manzanita | California |
| insularis | Island manzanita | California (Santa Cruz Island) |
| klamathensis | Klamath manzanita | California (Klamath Mountains) |
| manzanita | Common manzanita, whiteleaf manzanita | California (Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada foothills) |
| mewukka | Indian manzanita | California (Sierra Nevada) |
| nevadensis | Pinemat manzanita | California |
| parryana | Parry manzanita | California (southern) |
| patula | Greenleaf manzanita | Western North America |
| pumila | Sandmat manzanita | California (Monterey County) |
| pungens | Pointleaf manzanita | Southwestern United States and to northern and central Mexico |
| rudis | Shagbark manzanita | California (southern central coast) |
| stanfordiana | Stanford's manzanita | California (Outer North Coast Ranges north of the San Francisco Bay Area) |
| uva-ursi | Bearberry | Europe, Asia, North America |
| viscida | Sticky manzanita, whiteleaf manzanita | California and Oregon |
- Sect. Foliobracteata
| Species | Common name | Range |
|---|---|---|
| andersonii | Santa Cruz manzanita | Santa Cruz mountains (CA) |
| auriculata | Mount Diablo manzanita | Mount Diablo (CA) |
| canescens | Hoary manzanita | Coastal ranges of SW OR and N CA |
| catalinae | Santa Catalina Island manzanita | Santa Catalina Island (CA) |
| columbiana | Hairy manzanita | West coast from N. CA to S. BC |
| confertiflora | Santa Rosa Island manzanita | Santa Rosa Island (CA) |
| cruzensis | La Cruz manzanita | Monterey and San Luis Obispo counties (CA) |
| glandulosa | Eastwood manzanita | Coastal slops from OR, CA, Baja California |
| glutinosa | Schreiber's manzanita | Santa Cruz County (CA) |
| hooveri | Hoover's manzanita | Santa Lucia Mountains (CA) |
| imbricata | San Bruno Mountain manzanita | San Bruno Mountain (CA) |
| luciana | Santa Lucia manzanita | southern Santa Lucia Mountains (CA) |
| malloryi | Mallory's manzanita | Inner North Coast Ranges west and northwest of the Sacramento Valley (CA) |
| montaraensis | Montara manzanita | San Bruno Mountain and Montara Mountain (CA) |
| montereyensis | Monterey manzanita | Monterey County (CA) |
| morroensis | Morro manzanita | Morro Bay (CA) |
| nortensis | Del Norte manzanita | Del Norte County (CA), Curry County (OR), Josephine County (OR) |
| obispoensis | Serpentine manzanita | Southern Santa Lucia Mountains (CA) |
| osoensis | Oso manzanita | Los Osos Valley (San Luis Obispo, CA) |
| otayensis | Otay manzanita | San Diego County (CA) |
| pajaroensis | Pajaro manzanita | Monterey County, Santa Cruz County, San Benito County (CA) |
| pallida | Pallid manzanita | |
| pechoensis | Pecho manzanita | |
| pilosula | La Panzo manzanita | |
| purissima | La Purissima manzanita | |
| refugioensis | Refugio manzanita | |
| regismontana | Kings Mountain manzanita | |
| silvicola | Bonny Doon manzanita | |
| tomentosa | Woolyleaf manzanita | |
| virgata | Bolinas manzanita | |
| viridissima | Whitehair manzanita | |
| wellsii | Wells' manzanita |
- Sect. Pictobracteata
| Species | Common name | Range |
|---|---|---|
| pringlei | Pringle manzanita |
- Unassigned
| Species | Common name | Range |
|---|---|---|
| rainbowensis | Rainbow manzanita | |
| gabilanensis | Gabilan manzanita | |
| ohloneana | Ohlone manzanita |
See also the closely related genus Comarostaphylis, previously often included in Arctostaphylos.
References
Further reading
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- Treatment from the Jepson Manual
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External links
Template:Arbutoideae Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control
Categories:
- Pages with script errors
- Pages with broken file links
- Arctostaphylos
- Ericaceae genera
- Plants used in Native American cuisine
- Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
- Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
- Garden plants of North America
- Bird food plants
- Drought-tolerant plants
- Taxa named by Michel Adanson