Arad County (former)

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:More citations needed Template:Infobox Former Subdivision Arad County was an administrative unit in the Kingdom of Hungary, the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom and the Principality of Transylvania. The county was established along the Maros (Mureș) River in the 11th or the Template:Nobr, but its first head, or ispán, was only mentioned in 1214. Its territory is now part of Romania, except a small area (the town of Elek and the surrounding villages) which is part of Hungary. The capital of the county was Arad.

Geography

Map of Arad county in the Kingdom of Hungary

Map of Arad, 1891.

The medieval Arad County was situated in the lands along both banks of the Maros (Mureș) River.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The existence of arable lands, pastures, vineyards and orchards in the western lowlands in the Middle Ages is well-documented.Template:Sfn The hilly eastern regions were sparsely populated.Template:Sfn The total territory of the medieval county was around Template:Cvt.Template:Sfn

In 1744, Arad County absorbed a large part of Zaránd County, including its capital Zaránd/Zărand (the remainder of Zaránd County was then reorganized, with Körösbánya/Baia de Criș as the new capital). In 1876, when the administrative structure of the Kingdom of Hungary was changed, the territory of Arad County was further modified to include the western third of the diminished Zaránd County, namely the Nagyhalmágy/Hălmagiu district (Zaránd County was disbanded altogether on that occasion).

Arad County shared borders with the Hungarian counties of Csanád, Békés, Bihar, Torda-Aranyos, Hunyad, Krassó-Szörény, Temes, and Torontál. The river Mureș formed its southern border. Crișul Alb River flowed through the county. Its area was Template:Cvt around 1910.

History

Origins

The Hungarians dominated the region of the Maros in the middle of the Template:Nobr, according to the Byzantine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Archaeological finds also shows that Hungarians settled in the plains along the river after their arrival in the Carpathian Basin at the end of the Template:Nobr.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Place names of Slavic origin, including Lipova (Lippa) and Zăbrani (Temeshidegkút), evidence the presence of Slavic speaking communities, especially in the region where the river, coming from the mountains, reached the lowlands.Template:Sfn

A powerful chieftain, Ajtony, ruled the territory along the rivers Danube, Maros and Tisza in the early Template:Nobr.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The Maros formed the northern border of Ajtony's realm, according to the Gesta Hungarorum, but the longer version of the Legend of Saint Gerard wrote that he controlled the lands as far as the Körös River.Template:Sfn Ajtony was killed in a battle against the army of Stephen I of Hungary, which was under the command of Csanád.Template:Sfn According to a scholarly theory, first proposed by historian György Györffy, Stephen I established Arad County after Ajtony's fall.Template:Sfn On the other hand, historian Gyula Kristó writes that Ajtony's whole realm was transformed into the large Csanád County during Stephen I's reign; Arad County only developed into a separate administrative unit in the second half of the Template:Nobr or in the Template:Nobr.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Middle Ages

File:Koh administrative 1370 01.png

Arad County in the 14th century

The remains of an 11th-century stronghold, made of earth and timber, were found at Arad.Template:Sfn At an assembly held in Arad in 1131, the wife of King Béla the Blind, Helena of Rascia, ordered the massacre of 68 Hungarian lords.Template:Sfn Arad Castle and the estates attached to it were first documented in a royal charter, issued in 1177.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The first known ispán, or head, of Arad County, Paul Csanád, was mentioned in a royal diploma, dated to 1214, but its authenticity is suspect.Template:Sfn The earliest authentic document that referred to an ispán of Arad was issued in 1240.Template:Sfn The western regions of the county were included in the Deanery of Arad of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Csanád; the Archdean of Arad was first mentioned in 1288.Template:Sfn

The earliest documents suggest that the kings owned most lands in the plains along the Maros.Template:Sfn However, the distribution of royal domains started at the end of the Template:Nobr.Template:Sfn For instance, Ladislaus I of Hungary and his brother, Lampert, granted five villages to the Titel Chapter before 1095 and Béla the Blind established the Arad Chapter in the 1130s.Template:Sfn The Hodos clan was the only local noble kindred in the county; they were the patrons of the Hodoș-Bodrog Monastery.Template:Sfn Members of the Csanád, Csák and Dorozsma clans received estates in Arad County in the early Template:Nobr.Template:Sfn

The effects of the Mongol invasion of Hungary cannot exactly be determined, but at least four monasteries disappeared.Template:Sfn Solymos Castle (in present-day Șoimoș in Lipova), the first fortress built by a nobleman in the county, was erected after the withdrawal of the Mongols.Template:Sfn Ecclesiastic institutions, prelates and lay lordsTemplate:Spaced ndashincluding the bishop of Csanád, the Arad Chapter and the Garais, Lackfis and TelegdisTemplate:Spaced ndashheld most former royal estates in the first half of the Template:Nobr.Template:Sfn The existence of four elected "judges of the nobles" was first documented in 1311, proving that Arad County had transformed into a "noble county", an institution of the local noblemen's self-government.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Lippa (present-day Lipova) became the most prosperous settlement in the early Template:Nobr: the tax payable by the local priest to the Holy See between 1333 and 1335 (266 dinars) was almost ten times higher than the average tax collected in other parishes.Template:Sfn The Slavs of the district of Lipova were converted into Catholicism in the middle of the century, according to John of Küküllő's contemporaneous chronicle.Template:Sfn The earliest Romanian place name in the countyTemplate:Spaced ndashCaprewar (now Căprioara)Template:Spaced ndashwas recorded in a list of the estates of the Telegdis which was completed in 1337.Template:Sfn

Modern Times

File:Csanád, Arad és Torontál.PNG

Csanád, Arad and Torontál counties after the Treaty of Trianon. In 1923, the three counties were merged to form Csanád-Arad-Torontál County.

In 1920, the Treaty of Trianon assigned most of the territory of Arad county to Romania, except for a small area south of Békéscsaba, which became part of the newly formed Hungarian county of Csanád-Arad-Torontál in 1923. At the end of World War II, the Hungarian part of Arad county was merged into the recreated Csanád county, but in 1950 that county was split and its territory became part of Békés County.

The rest of the county is now part of the Arad County in Romania. This county also contains parts of the former counties Temes and Krassó-Szörény.

Demographics

File:Old Arad county ethnic map.png

Ethnic map of the county with data of the 1910 census (see the key in the description).

Population by mother tongueTemplate:Efn

Census	Total	Romanian	Hungarian	German	Slovak	Other or unknown
1880	303,964	185,241 (63.35%)	67,613 (23,12%)	30,931 (10.58%)	2,938 (1.00%)	5,669 (1.94%)
1890	343,597	208,957 (60.81%)	86,780 (25.26%)	37,303 (10.86%)	4,157 (1.21%)	6,400 (1.86%)
1900	386,100	223,806 (57.97%)	110,823 (28.70%)	40,148 (10.40%)	5,600 (1.45%)	5,723 (1.48%)
1910	414,388	239,755 (57.86%)	124,215 (29.98%)	38,695 (9.34%)	5,451 (1.32%)	6,272 (1.51%)

Population by religionTemplate:Efn

Census	Total	Eastern Orthodox	Roman Catholic	Calvinist	Greek Catholic	Lutheran	Jewish	Other or unknown
1880	303,964	186,758 (61.44%)	75,304 (24.77%)	17,519 (5.76%)	11,079 (3.64%)	5,151 (1.69%)	8,018 (2.64%)	135 (0.04%)
1890	343,597	201,984 (58.79%)	91,045 (26.50%)	20,787 (6.05%)	13,140 (3.82%)	7,495 (2.18%)	8,924 (2.60%)	222 (0.06%)
1900	386,100	215,904 (55.92%)	109,523 (28.37%)	24,849 (6.44%)	15,134 (3.92%)	9,954 (2.58%)	10,085 (2.61%)	651 (0.17%)
1910	414,388	230,907 (55.72%)	117,630 (28.39%)	26,709 (6.45%)	16,318 (3.94%)	10,950 (2.64%)	10,102 (2.44%)	1,772 (0.43%)

Subdivisions

File:Arad county administrative map.jpg

In the early 20th century, the subdivisions of Arad County were:

Districts (járás)
District	Capital
Template:Color box Arad	Arad
Template:Color box Borosjenő	Borosjenő (now Ineu)
Template:Color box Borossebes	Borossebes (now Sebiș)
Template:Color box Elek	Elek
Template:Color box Kisjenő	Kisjenő (now Chișineu-Criș)
Template:Color box Magyarpécska	Magyarpécska (now Pecica)
Template:Color box Máriaradna	Máriaradna (now Radna)
Template:Color box Nagyhalmágy	Nagyhalmágy (now Hălmagiu)
Template:Color box Tornova	Tornova (now Târnova)
Template:Color box Világos	Világos (now Șiria)
Urban counties (törvényhatósági jogú város)
Template:Color box Arad

Elek is now in Hungary. All the other towns mentioned are in Romania.

List of ispáns

Middle Ages

Term	Incumbent	Monarch	Notes	Source
1214	Clement	Andrew II	son of Benedict from the kindred Csanád
1238	Paul	Béla IV
1240	Saul	Béla IV
c. 1310	Alexander	Charles I	for voivode Ladislaus Kán; castellan of Solymos
1311	Dominic	Charles I	for voivode Ladislaus Kán; castellan of Solymos
1319–1321	Thomas Széchényi	Charles I	also master of the treasury for the Queen (1320–1321), voivode (1321–1342), castellan of Solymos
1321–1372	Arad County was administered by voivodes of Transylvania, who appointed deputies.
1351	Blaise Pósafi de Szer	Louis I	for duke Stephen, castellan of Hátszeg
1391	George Báthory	Sigismund	from the Somlyó branch
1393–1401	Arad County was administered by voivodes of Transylvania, who appointed deputies.
1404–1426	Pipo of Ozora	Sigismund	also ispán of Temes County
c. 1427	Emeric Pálóci	Sigismund
c. 1437	John Országh de Guth	Sigismund	also castellan of Világosvár; ispán of Zaránd and Csongrád Counties
1441–1444	Ladislaus Maróti	Vladislaus I Ladislaus V	together with John Hunyadi (1443–1444); also ban of Macsó (1441–1443); ispán of Zaránd and Békés Counties
1443–1456	John Hunyadi	Vladislaus I Ladislaus V	together with Ladislaus Maróti (1443–1444), with Nicholas Újlaki (1444–1446); also voivode (1443–1446); regent-governor of the Kingdom of Hungary (1446–1452)
1444–1446	Nicholas Újlaki	Ladislaus V	together with John Hunyadi; also voivode; ban of Severin (1445–1446)

Habsburg rule

Term	Incumbent	Monarch	Notes	Source
1526–1527	Gáspár Paksy	Ferdinand I John I	for John I, later Ferdinand I
1527–1614	Unknown office-holders
1614	András Dóczy	Matthias II	also ispán of Szatmár County
1614–1702	Unknown office-holders
1702–1713	Ferenc Klobusiczky	Leopold I Joseph I Charles III	also chief justice (1702–1707); later Kuruc senator and ispán for Francis II Rákóczi
1713–1736	Pál Consbruch	Charles III	died in office
1737–1743	Unknown office-holder(s)
1743–1744	Zsigmond Andrássy	Maria Theresa	administrator
1744–1751	Antal Grassalkovich	Maria Theresa	also chief justice (1744–1748)
1751–1788	György Fekete	Maria Theresa Joseph II	also chief justice (1751–1762); vice-chancellor (1762–1773); master of the stewards (1766–1773); judge royal (1773–1783); director of the royal treasury (1782); died in office
1788–1790	Vacant	Joseph II
1790–1821	Pál Almásy	Leopold II Francis	also master of the horse (1812–1821); poisoned
1822–1830	József Wenckheim	Francis	died in office
1830–1837	Lőrinc Orczy	Francis Ferdinand V
1837–1845	István Szerencsy	Ferdinand V
1845–1848	József Fascho de Lucsivna	Ferdinand V
1848–1849	János Bohus de Világos	Ferdinand V	first term
1849	József Tomcsányi	Francis Joseph I
1849–1860	Military District of Großwardein
1860–1861	János Bohus de Világos	Francis Joseph I	second term
1861–1867	Vacant	Francis Joseph I
1867–1869	Béla Szende	Francis Joseph I
1869–1871	Vacant	Francis Joseph I
1871–1878	Péter Atzél	Francis Joseph I	resigned
1879–1886	Károly Tabajdi	Francis Joseph I	died in office
1886–	László Fábián	Francis Joseph I
1899–1905	Iván Urbán	Francis Joseph I	first term; resigned
1906–1910	Gyula Károlyi	Francis Joseph I	later prime minister (1931–1932)
1910–1915	Iván Urbán	Francis Joseph I	second term; died in office
1915–1917	Ferenc Baross	Francis Joseph I Charles IV	died in office
1917	Béla Barabás	Charles IV
1918–	Lajos Varjassy