Antoine Hamilton

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Anthony Hamilton PC (Ire) (c. 1645Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 1719), also known as AntoineTemplate:Efn and comte d'Hamilton, was a soldier and a writer. As a Catholic of Irish and Scottish ancestry, his parents brought him to France in 1651 when Cromwell's army overran Ireland.

At the Restoration the family moved to England and lived at Whitehall. When Catholics were excluded from the army, Anthony followed his brother George into French service and fought in the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678). He was wounded in the Battle of Entzheim. After the accession of the Catholic James II in 1685, he joined the Irish Army and fought for the Jacobites in the Williamite War (1689–1691). He saw action in the battles of Newtownbutler and the Boyne. The defeat led him to his last French exile.

In France Hamilton lived at the exile court at Saint-Germain-en-Laye where he became a courtier, poet, and writer. He chose French as his language and adopted a light and elegant style, seeking to amuse and entertain his reader. He wrote the Mémoires du Comte de Grammont, which focuses on the time his brother-in-law Philibert de Gramont spent at the court of Charles II. These memoirs are a classic of French literature and a source for the history of the Stuart Restoration. Hamilton also wrote many letters, poems, and five tales.

Family tree
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Birth and origins

Anthony was born in 1644 or 1645Template:Efn in Ireland, probably at Nenagh (Script error: No such module "IPAc-en".)[1]Template:R/superscript, County Tipperary.Template:Efn He was the third son of Sir George Hamilton and his wife Mary Butler.[2]Template:R/superscript

His father was Scottish, the fourth son of James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Abercorn.[3]Template:R/superscript He supported the lord lieutenant of Ireland, James Butler, Marquess of Ormond,[4]Template:R/superscript[5]Template:R/superscript during the Irish Confederate Wars and the Cromwellian conquest[6]Template:R/superscript and called himself a baronet.[7]Template:R/superscript[8]Template:R/superscriptTemplate:Efn

Anthony's mother was half Irish and half English, the third daughter of Thomas Butler, Viscount Thurles, and his English Catholic wife Elizabeth Poyntz.[9]Template:R/superscript Thurles (courtesy title) predeceased his father, Walter Butler, 11th Earl of Ormond, and never succeeded to the earldom.[10]Template:R/superscript The Butlers were Old English.[11]Template:R/superscript She was a sister of James Butler,[9]Template:R/superscript making Anthony's father a brother-in-law of the lord lieutenant.[4]Template:R/superscript[6]Template:R/superscript

Anthony's father has been confused with his granduncle George Hamilton of Greenlaw and Roscrea.Template:Efn Both are called George and both married a Mary Butler.[12]Template:R/superscript In 1640 Ormond had granted Anthony's father Nenagh for 31 years.[13]Template:R/superscript Anthony was probably born there.[14]Template:R/superscriptTemplate:Efn Hamilton's parents had married in 1635.[15]Template:R/superscriptTemplate:Efn

Anthony was one of nine siblings.[2]Template:R/superscript[16]Template:R/superscript They are listed in his father's article, but also see James, George, Elizabeth, Richard, and John individually. Anthony's parents were both Catholic,Template:Efn and so was he.[17]Template:R/superscript[18]Template:R/superscript

Irish childhood

Hamilton was born during the Irish Confederate War. His father, despite being Catholic,[19]Template:R/superscript sided with the lord lieutenant against the Confederates.[20]Template:R/superscript[21]Template:R/superscript The war had been halted by a truce in 1643.[22]Template:R/superscript An attempted peace failed in March 1646.[23]Template:R/superscript[24]Template:R/superscript After a last extension the truce expired on 1 May.[25]Template:R/superscript The newborn Anthony, his mother, and his siblings were brought to Dublin in May for their security.[26]Template:R/superscript

In 1647 Ormond abandoned Dublin to the parliamentarians and left for England.[27]Template:R/superscript Anthony, his mother, and siblings seem to have stayed behind in Ireland.[28]Template:R/superscript Ormond together with Anthony's father returned to Ireland in 1648.[29]Template:R/superscript In 1649, during the Cromwellian conquest, Ormond made Anthony's father receiver-general of the revenues[30]Template:R/superscript as well as governor of Nenagh Castle,[31]Template:R/superscript which he in vain tried to defend against Henry Ireton in November 1650.[32]Template:R/superscript

First exile

Having lost the leadership to the Catholic clergy,[33]Template:R/superscript Ormond left for France in December 1650.[34]Template:R/superscript Hamilton's father followed with his family in spring 1651.[35]Template:R/superscript[36]Template:R/superscript[28]Template:R/superscript Anthony was about seven. They were accommodated by Anthony's aunt Elizabeth Preston, the Marchioness of Ormond, near Caen, Normandy.[37]Template:R/superscript[38]Template:R/superscript His father and his elder brothers, James and George, served Charles II in various functions.[39]Template:R/superscript[40]Template:R/superscript Lady Ormond left for England in August 1652,[41]Template:R/superscript whereas Anthony's mother moved to Paris, where she lodged in the Template:Ill.[42]Template:R/superscript The Hamilton brothers frequented Charles II's and his mother's, Henrietta Maria, exile court at the Louvre.[43]Template:R/superscript

Restoration

In May 1660 the Restoration brought Charles II on the English throne.[44]Template:R/superscript Hamilton's father and his elder brothers moved to Whitehall, where the court was.[45]Template:R/superscript Charles II restored Donalong, Ulster, to Hamilton's father.[46]Template:R/superscript About that year Charles allegedly created Hamilton's father baronet of Donalong and Nenagh.Template:Efn

Hamilton's elder brothers, James and George, became courtiers at Whitehall.[47]Template:R/superscript The King arranged a Protestant marriage for James.[48]Template:R/superscript[49]Template:R/superscript[50]Template:R/superscript Early in 1661 Hamilton's father also brought his wife and younger children to London,[51]Template:R/superscript where they lived all together in a house near Whitehall.[52]Template:R/superscript

In January 1663, at the court, the Hamilton brothers met Philibert, chevalier de Gramont,[43]Template:R/superscript who had been exiled by Louis XIV[53]Template:R/superscript for courting a maid of honour, on whom he had set his eyes.[54]Template:R/superscript[55]Template:R/superscript[56]Template:R/superscript

Gramont integrated easily as French was spoken at the court.[57]Template:R/superscriptTemplate:Efn Hamilton befriended Gramont,[58]Template:R/superscript who soon became part of the inner circle.[59]Template:R/superscript Gramont courted Hamilton's sister Elizabeth.[60]Template:R/superscript[61]Template:R/superscript

An anecdote tells how George and Anthony intercepted Gramont at Dover, asking him whether he had not forgotten something in London.[62]Template:R/superscript He replied "Pardonnez-moi, messieurs, j'ai oublié d'épouser votre sœur." (Forgive me, Sirs, I have forgotten to marry your sister).[63]Template:R/superscript[64]Template:R/superscript This episode might have happened in autumn 1663 when Gramont's sister Susanne-Charlotte[65]Template:R/superscript told him in error that he could return to France.[66]Template:R/superscript[67]Template:R/superscript He went but found that he was not welcome.[68]Template:R/superscript However, perhaps Gramont attempted to leave Elizabeth later, in December just before he announced his intention to marry her.[69]Template:R/superscript

Gramont married Elizabeth in London, either in December 1663 or early in 1664.[70]Template:R/superscript[71]Template:R/superscript[72]Template:R/superscript In March 1664, Louis XIV, having heard of Gramont's marriage, allowed him to return.[73]Template:R/superscript

Second exile

In 1667 the King dismissed from his Life Guards the Catholics who refused to take the Oath of Supremacy.[74]Template:R/superscript Among them was Anthony's brother George, who in 1668 went to France.[75]Template:R/superscript Anthony probably accompanied him.[76]Template:R/superscript In 1671 George recruited a regiment in Ireland for French service.[77]Template:R/superscript Hamilton seems to have accompanied him and in May helped his cousin John Butler to extinguish a fire in Dublin Castle.[78]Template:R/superscript[79]Template:R/superscript Hamilton then took service in his brother's regiment, fighting in the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678).[80]Template:R/superscript George and Anthony were later joined by their younger brother Richard.[81]Template:R/superscript In 1672 the regiment garrisoned Liège[82]Template:R/superscript and then occupied Utrecht in June.[83]Template:R/superscript In 1673 Hamilton, by now a Captain, was in Limerick recruiting for the regiment.[84]Template:R/superscript

A painted bust-length portrait of Anthony Hamilton showing a young man wearing a long and high wig, clad in armour covering his breast and arms
During his second French exile Template:Efn

Anthony probably fought together with George under Turenne against Imperial troops in the Battle of Sinsheim in June 1674, and did surely so at Entzheim in October,[85]Template:R/superscript where both were wounded.[86]Template:R/superscript In the winter 1674–5 Anthony, George, and Richard travelled to England from where George returned to France while Anthony and Richard continued to Ireland to recruit.[87]Template:R/superscript French ships picked up the recruits at Kinsale in April 1675,[88]Template:R/superscript after a missed appointment at Dingle in March.[89]Template:R/superscript Hamilton's Irish voyage caused him to miss Turenne's winter campaign in which Turenne marched south and surprised the Germans in upper Alsace, beating them at Turckheim.[90]Template:R/superscript

In July 1675 Hamilton's regiment was at Sasbach, where George witnessed Turenne's death.[91]Template:R/superscript At the retreat from Sasbach in August, the regiment suffered 450 casualties in the rearguard actions of the Battle of Altenheim.[92]Template:R/superscript Louis XIV called in Condé, who stopped the German advance[93]Template:R/superscript[94]Template:R/superscript but retired at the end of the campaign.[95]Template:R/superscript In the winter 1675–6 George, accompanied by either Anthony or Richard, again went recruiting[96]Template:R/superscript and visited Lady Arran, wife of Richard Butler, 1st Earl of Arran, in January 1676. She called them "ye monsieurs".[97]Template:R/superscript The regiment quartered that winter in Toul.[96]Template:R/superscript

Luxembourg commanded on the Rhine in the campaign of 1676.[98]Template:R/superscript In June George was killed in a rearguard action at the Zaberner Steige (Col de Saverne), where Imperial troops under the Duke of Lorraine pursued the French who were retreating eastward to Zabern (Saverne) in lower Alsace.[99]Template:R/superscript[100]Template:R/superscript Reputedly, Hamilton succeeded his brother as comte d'Hamilton,[101]Template:R/superscript but that title may never have existed.[102]Template:R/superscript[103]Template:R/superscriptTemplate:Efn Thomas Dongan, who had been lieutenant-colonel, was preferred over Hamilton as the new colonel of what had been Hamilton's regiment.[104]Template:R/superscript Louis XIV told Anthony that he had no regiment for him.[105]Template:R/superscript Anthony left[106]Template:R/superscript[107]Template:R/superscript while Richard became lieutenant-colonel.[108]Template:R/superscript

The Franco-Dutch war ended with the Treaties of Nijmegen, concluded between August 1678 and October 1679.[109]Template:R/superscript The regiment was disbanded in December,[110]Template:R/superscript anticipating the signature in February 1679 of the peace between France and the Emperor.[109]Template:R/superscript

Ireland

Hamilton had returned to Ireland by 1677.[111]Template:R/superscript His father died in 1679.[9]Template:R/superscript His nephew James, the future 6th Earl of Abercorn, then aged 17 or 18, inherited the family's lands.[112]Template:R/superscript

An engraved portrait in an octagonal frame of Hamilton as a young man with long curly hair or such a wig, wearing a breast-plate
Engraved by E. ScrivenTemplate:Efn

Hamilton may have visited France and have been the "comte d'Hamilton" who in January 1681 played a zephyr in the performance of Quinault's ballet Triomphe de l'Amour, to music by Lully, at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye before Louis XIV.[113]Template:R/superscript[114]Template:R/superscript[115]Template:R/superscript[116]Template:R/superscript However, possibly, this was Richard.[117]Template:R/superscript[118]Template:R/superscript In summer 1681 Anthony lived in Dublin.[119]Template:R/superscript

In February 1685 the Catholic James II acceded to the English throne.[120]Template:R/superscript In April James sent Richard Talbot to Ireland to purge the Irish Army of "Cromwellians".[121]Template:R/superscript Talbot replaced Protestants with Catholics,[122]Template:R/superscript recruiting among others Anthony and his younger brothers Richard and John.[123]Template:R/superscript[124]Template:R/superscript Anthony was appointed lieutenant-colonel of Sir Thomas Newcomen's infantry regiment.[125]Template:R/superscript In June James created Talbot earl of Tyrconnell.[126]Template:R/superscript In August Hamilton was also made governor of Limerick, where his company of Newcomen's regiment was garrisoned, replacing Sir William King, a Protestant.[127]Template:R/superscript[128]Template:R/superscript Hamilton attended Mass in public.[129]Template:R/superscript[130]Template:R/superscript In October 1685 the king appointed Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of Clarendon, a Protestant,[131]Template:R/superscript lord lieutenant of Ireland.[132]Template:R/superscript Clarendon arrived in January 1686.[133]Template:R/superscript He considered Hamilton a moderate Catholic and possible ally.[134]Template:R/superscript[135]Template:R/superscript Clarendon praised Hamilton, saying that he understood the regiment better than its colonel.[136]Template:R/superscript Clarendon also stated that Hamilton objected to replacing good Protestant officers with mediocre Catholic ones.[137]Template:R/superscript Near the end of 1686, Hamilton became a member of the Irish privy council.[138]Template:R/superscript[139]Template:R/superscript In 1687 he was promoted colonel.[140]Template:R/superscript In 1688 Hamilton was colonel of a regiment of foot.[141]Template:R/superscript

At the eve of the Glorious Revolution in September 1688, James asked Tyrconnell to send four Irish regiments to England.[142]Template:R/superscript Hamilton's was among them.[143]Template:R/superscript[144]Template:R/superscript The troops landed on the English west coast in October and marched across the midlands to southern England.[145]Template:R/superscript Hamilton's regiment was stationed in Portsmouth, where the Duke of Berwick was governor.[146]Template:R/superscript The regiment surrendered in Portsmouth on 20 December.[147]Template:R/superscriptTemplate:Efn On the 23 James II embarked for France.[148]Template:R/superscript It seems that Hamilton followed him. Anthony and John[149]Template:R/superscript returned with James II to Ireland[150]Template:R/superscript in 1689.[151]Template:R/superscript Richard was already there.[152]Template:R/superscript

In 1689 during the Williamite War, Tyrconnell promoted Hamilton major-general[153]Template:R/superscript and gave him the command of the dragoons of an army under Justin McCarthy, Viscount Mountcashel, that he sent north to Belturbet,[154]Template:R/superscript County Cavan, to fight the rebels of Enniskillen. In the battle of Newtownbutler, in July, Hamilton commanded the horse. The outcome would show that he was "better with his pen than with his sword".[155]Template:R/superscript Mountcashel asked him to pursue retreating enemy troops,[156]Template:R/superscript but the enemy led him into a trap and Hamilton's dragoons were routed.[157]Template:R/superscript Hamilton was wounded in the leg at the beginning of the action[158]Template:R/superscript and fled the scene.[159]Template:R/superscript With Captain Peter Lavallin of Carroll's dragoons[160]Template:R/superscript he was court martialled by Rosen, the highest-ranking French general.[161]Template:R/superscript Given his family's influence, Hamilton was acquitted, but Lavallin was shot.[162]Template:R/superscript This affair destroyed Hamilton's reputation as a soldier. When in spring 1690 the Irish Brigade was formed,[163]Template:R/superscript the French wanted neither Richard nor Anthony among its officers.[164]Template:R/superscript

Anthony, as well as his brothers Richard and John, fought at the Battle of the Boyne in July 1690.[165]Template:R/superscript[166]Template:R/superscript Anthony rode in the cavalry charges.[167]Template:R/superscript Afterwards he fought at the first Siege of Limerick.[168]Template:R/superscript When William abandoned his siege end of August,[169]Template:R/superscript Tyrconnell sent Hamilton to France to report the deliverance.[170]Template:R/superscript He may not have returned.[171]Template:R/superscript His presence at the Battle of Aughrim in 1691 is disputed,[172]Template:R/superscript[173]Template:R/superscript but his brother John was fatally wounded there.[174]Template:R/superscript[175]Template:R/superscript

Final exile, death, and timeline

Hamilton lived the last thirty years of his life at the exile court at the Château-Vieux of Saint-Germain-en-Laye.[176]Template:R/superscript[177]Template:R/superscriptTemplate:Efn He held no office,[178]Template:R/superscript but James II granted him a generous pension.[179]Template:R/superscriptTemplate:Efn Hamilton was also given an apartment in the castle.[180]Template:R/superscript He was appreciated as an ornament of that court.[181]Template:R/superscript

The Château-Vieux de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, north side, as it was in Hamilton's time.Template:Efn

At Saint-Germain Hamilton got acquainted with the Bulkeley sisters, especially Anne and Henrietta.[182]Template:R/superscript Their father, Henry, master of the household to Charles II at Whitehall and to James at Saint-Germain, died in 1698.[183]Template:R/superscript Their mother, Sophia, was a sister of the Belle Stuart.[184]Template:R/superscript Berwick married Anne in 1700 at Saint-Germain, as his second wife.[185]Template:R/superscript[186]Template:R/superscript Hamilton affectionately called her "Nanette".[187]Template:R/superscript He was in love with Henrietta or at least wrote her admirative letters.[188]Template:R/superscript She was about 30 years younger than him and had no dowry.Template:Efn Hamilton thought his pension insufficient to support a family.[189]Template:R/superscript

About 1696 Hamilton wrote his tale Zénéyde,[190]Template:R/superscriptTemplate:Efn in which he denounces the bigotry of James's last years.[191]Template:R/superscript Early in 1701 Hamilton accompanied Berwick to Rome to ask the new pope, Clement XI, for help.[192]Template:R/superscript In March James suffered a stroke.[193]Template:R/superscript Berwick was called for and arrived back in Saint-Germain in April.[194]Template:R/superscript In September James II died at the Château-Vieux of Saint-Germain.[195]Template:R/superscript[196]Template:R/superscript Hamilton wrote a poem Sur l'agonie du feu roi d'Angleterre [On the Agony of the Late King of England].[197]Template:R/superscript His successor, James III, was 13. The court became gayer and Hamilton like it better.[198]Template:R/superscript

In 1703 Louis XIV gave Hamilton's sister Elizabeth a house at Versailles, where Hamilton often visited.[199]Template:R/superscript[200]Template:R/superscript In 1704 Hamilton went to see Gramont at Séméac in Gascogne, where he decided to write his friend's memoirs.[201]Template:R/superscript Hamilton was part of the circle around the Duchess of Maine,[202]Template:R/superscript where he was known as "Horace d'Albion".[203]Template:R/superscript It was partly at her seat at Sceaux that he wrote the Mémoires.[204]Template:R/superscript In 1705 he attended the feast that Nicolas de Malézieu and the duchess gave at Châtenay.[205]Template:R/superscript

In 1707 Gramont died in Paris.[206]Template:R/superscript[207]Template:R/superscript[208]Template:R/superscriptTemplate:Efn Hamilton was said to have sailed to Scotland in the attempted invasion of 1708,[209]Template:R/superscript[210]Template:R/superscript but only Richard went.[211]Template:R/superscript In June Hamilton's sister Elizabeth died in Paris.[212]Template:R/superscript[213]Template:R/superscript

In 1712 James III left Saint-Germain[214]Template:R/superscript as France was about to drop the Jacobites, a concession they made in 1713 at the Peace of Utrecht.[215]Template:R/superscript Richard followed James III to Bar-le-Duc in Lorraine,[216]Template:R/superscript whereas Anthony stayed behind at Saint-Germain and was allowed to keep his apartment.[180]Template:R/superscript The dowager queen, Mary of Modena, also stayed.[217]Template:R/superscript Hamilton met the young Voltaire at the suppers of the Template:Ill shortly before 1715.[218]Template:R/superscriptTemplate:Efn Hamilton never married[219]Template:R/superscript and died at Saint-Germain-en-Laye on 20 April 1719.Template:Efn He was buried on the 21 in the parish church. A distant cousin, John Nugent, equerry to James III, attended the funeral.[220]Template:R/superscript

Timeline
As his birth date is uncertain, so are all his ages. Italics for historical background.
Age Date Event
0 1644 or 1645 Born,Template:Efn probably at Nenagh in IrelandTemplate:Efn
Script error: No such module "age". May 1646 Moved to Dublin with his mother.[26]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 17 Sep 1646 Owen Roe O'Neill took Roscrea.[221]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 28 Jul 1647 Ormond abandoned Dublin to the Parliamentarians.[27]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 13 Nov 1647 Battle of Knocknanuss, the Confederates were beaten by Inchiquin.[222]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 29 Sep 1648 Ormond returned to Ireland landing at Cork.[29]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 30 Jan 1649 Charles I beheaded[223]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 2 Aug 1649 Battle of Rathmines. Michael Jones defeated Ormond before Dublin.[224]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". Oct 1650 Father defended Nenagh Castle against the Parliamentarians.[32]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 7 Dec 1650 James Butler, Marquess of Ormond, left Ireland.[34]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". Early in 1651 Taken to France by his parents[28]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 29 May 1660 Restoration of Charles II[44]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 1660 or 1661 Brought to England by his parents after the Restoration[225]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 15 Jan 1663 The chevalier de Gramont arrived in London.[43]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 1663/1664 Sister Elizabeth married Gramont.[70]Template:R/superscript[71]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 1671 Brother George raised an Irish regiment for French service.[77]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". Jun 1673 Brother James fatally wounded in a sea-fight against the Dutch[226]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 6 Oct 1674 Wounded at the Battle of Entzheim[86]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 1675 Travelled to Ireland to recruit[87]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 1676 Brother George killed at the Col de Saverne[100]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 1678 Supposedly succeeded his brother George as "comte d'Hamilton"[101]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 26 Jan 1679 Treaties of Nijmegen ended the Franco-Dutch War between France and the Empire.[109]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 1679 Father died.[9]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". Aug 1680 Mother died.[9]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 6 Feb 1685 Accession of James II, succeeding Charles II[120]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 24 Feb 1685 Boyle & Granard appointed lords justices replacing Ormond, lord lieutenant[227]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 1685 Took service in the Irish Army as lieutenant-colonel[125]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 1 Aug 1685 Made governor of Limerick[130]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 1 Oct 1685 Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of Clarendon, appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland[132]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 8 Jan 1687 Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, appointed lord deputy of Ireland[228]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 1688 His regiment sent to England to protect James II[143]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 13 Feb 1689 Accession of William and Mary, succeeding James II[229]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 12 Mar 1689 James II landed at Kinsale, Ireland.[151]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 31 Jul 1689 Defeated at the Battle of Newtownbutler[158]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 1 Jul 1690 Fought at the Battle of the Boyne[167]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". Autumn 1690 Went to France to report the raise of the Siege of Limerick[170]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 16 Sep 1701 James II died at Saint-Germain-en-Laye.[195]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 8 Mar 1702 Accession of Anne, succeeding William III[230]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 1704 Started writing the Mémoires du comte de Grammont[201]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 30 Jan 1707 Friend Gramont died in Paris.[206]Template:R/superscript[207]Template:R/superscript[208]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". Mar 1708 Said to have taken part in the attempted invasion, but only Richard went[211]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 3 Jun 1708 Sister Elizabeth died in Paris.[212]Template:R/superscript[213]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 11 Apr 1713 Peace of Utrecht ended the War of the Spanish Succession[215]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 1713 Gramont's Memoirs published anonymously[231]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 1 Aug 1714 Accession of George I, succeeding Anne[232]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 1 Sep 1715 Death of Louis XIV; Regency until the majority of Louis XV[233]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 22 Dec 1715 James III landed in Scotland during the Jacobite rising of 1715.[234]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". Dec 1717 Brother Richard died at Poussay, Lorraine.[235]Template:R/superscript
Script error: No such module "age". 20 Apr 1719 Died at Saint-Germain-en-Laye[236]Template:R/superscript

Works

Hamilton came from an English-speaking familyTemplate:Efn but chose to write in French. Despite his origins he excelled in that light and elegant badinage considered typically French.[237]Template:R/superscript[238]Template:R/superscript

Hamilton's works were well known in the 18th century. Voltaire and La Harpe mention him honourably.[239]Template:R/superscript[240]Template:R/superscript[241]Template:R/superscript Today, he is mainly known for a single book: the Mémoires de la vie du comte de Grammont,[242]Template:R/superscript the only work published while he was alive. Hamilton also wrote at least five tales and many poems, songs, epistles, and letters (ordered by year of publication):

Gramont's memoirs

The Mémoires de la vie du comte de Grammont were originally planned to cover Gramont's entire life but were cut short so that they end with his marriage. Hamilton pretended the memoirs were dictated to him by Gramont.[244]Template:R/superscript He started work in 1704 and completed them in 1710.[201]Template:R/superscript[245]Template:R/superscript For Gramont's life up to his arrival in London,[43]Template:R/superscript Gramont was Hamilton's only source. He may have jotted this part down more or less how Gramont told it.[246]Template:R/superscript[247]Template:R/superscript The second, "English", part seems to be Hamilton's work.[248]Template:R/superscript The subtitle of the first edition "L'histore amoureuse de la cour d'Angleterre" (lovelife of the English court) pertains to this part, for which Hamilton had Gramont, who died in 1707, and Elizabeth, who died in 1708, as witnesses.[249]Template:R/superscript Hamilton's brothers James and George, important characters of the second part, had died in 1673 and 1676 respectively.[99]Template:R/superscript[250]Template:R/superscript

File:Mémoires de la vie du comte de Grammont.jpg
Title page of the 1713 edition[231]Template:R/superscript

The book was a bestseller[251]Template:R/superscript[252]Template:R/superscript and remains a classic of French literature.[253]Template:R/superscript[254]Template:R/superscript It is still admired for its graceful and elegant language.[255]Template:R/superscript The memoirs were written to amuse and entertain and sometimes depart from the correct chronological order.[256]Template:R/superscript The book situates itself at the cross-roads between memoirs, biography, and fiction.[257]Template:R/superscript

The memoirs were first circulated in manuscript[258]Template:R/superscript and then published anonymously in 1713, without the author's consent.[259]Template:R/superscript[260]Template:R/superscript The imprint says: Cologne by Pierre Marteau, a pseudonym often used for disreputable books.[261]Template:R/superscript It might have been published in Holland,[262]Template:R/superscript or at Rouen.[259]Template:R/superscript In 1817 the Catholic Church inscribed the book on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum.[263]Template:R/superscript Early French editions often deformed the English names. Horace Walpole, a great admirer,[264]Template:R/superscript corrected them in his Strawberry Hill edition of 1772.[265]Template:R/superscript

The first English translation, by Abel Boyer, had followed in hot pursuit in 1714.[266]Template:R/superscript Boyer, fearing an uproar, hid the persons' identities behind their initials.[267]Template:R/superscript Many new or amended translations were published in due course. W. Maddison published one in 1793.[268]Template:R/superscript[269]Template:R/superscript[270]Template:R/superscript Walter Scott amended an English translation in 1809 and again in 1811.[271]Template:R/superscript Henry Vizetelly published another revised translation in 1889.[272]Template:R/superscript Peter Quennell retranslated the memoirs in 1930 (read online).[273]Template:R/superscript

Tales

Hamilton's tales (contes) were inspired by the fairy tales that became popular in France in the 1690s[274]Template:R/superscriptTemplate:Efn and by the Arabian Nights, published between 1704 and 1708 by Antoine Galland.[275]Template:R/superscript Hamilton's tales are their parodies or fan fiction.[276]Template:R/superscript The characters' adventures are often extravagant.[277]Template:R/superscript Hamilton likes to use multiple narrators, who may tell the same events from different points of view.[278]Template:R/superscript

His tales influenced Voltaire and Crébillon the younger in the 18th century.[279]Template:R/superscript The tale Fleur d'Epine has been praised by La Harpe for its charming truths and its moral.[280]Template:R/superscript Montégut called it "the most beautiful fairy tale written in France".[281]Template:R/superscript George Saintsbury maintains that Hamilton's tales have more literary merit than his fanous memoirs.[282]Template:R/superscript

Zénéyde (read online), written about 1696,Template:Efn starts as a letter to "Madame de P.", in which Hamilton criticises James II's exile court and then escapes into fiction by meeting a nymph at the Seine.[283]Template:R/superscript The nymph, called Zénéyde, tells her life. Her father was the Roman emperor Maximus and her mother a daughter of the Frankish king Clodio. She was to marry Childeric but was caught by Genserich at Aquileia. At that point the nymph is overcome by emotion and a beautiful brunette takes over as story teller. The text stops here as Hamilton left Zénéyde incomplete.[284]Template:R/superscript[285]Template:R/superscriptTemplate:Efn

Le Bélier (read online), written in 1705,[286]Template:R/superscript gives an etymology for "Pontalie",[287]Template:R/superscript the name his sister Elizabeth invented for Les Moulineaux, her house at Versailles.[288]Template:R/superscript[289]Template:R/superscript The story starts in verse and then continues in prose. A giant called Moulineaux has an ingenious ram. His neighbour, a druide, has a beautiful daughter called Alie. The giant wants to marry Alie, but she is in love with the prince of Noisy. Her father protects her by surrounding his castle with water. The ram builds a bridge across it. This is Alie's bridge, or Pont-Alie. After many detours full of comical and absurd inventions the ram, who is really the prince of Noisy, marries Alie.[290]Template:R/superscript Voltaire praised the introduction in verse,[291]Template:R/superscript and mentioned in 1729 that Josse was printing the Bélier.[292]Template:R/superscript It was the first of Hamilton's tales to be published and must have been a success as Josse went on to publish two more of them and the first collection of his works, Œuvres mêlées en prose et en vers.

Fleur d'Épine (read online) shares the frame of Arabian Nights and starts with a dialogue between Scheherazade and her sister Dinarzade. Dinarzade tells the sultan a story with the condition that he must spare Scheherazade's life should he interrupt that story. The sultan agrees and Fleur d'epine is this story.[293]Template:R/superscript

File:Fleur d'Epine.png
Fleur d'Epine listens to Tarare.[294]Template:R/superscript

The story starts with the eyes of Luisante, the daughter of the caliph of Kashmir, that kill men and blind women. A prince calling himself "Tarare" contacts the sorceress Serena, who agrees to help but demands that he must free Fleur d'Epine, held by the witch Dentue. Tarare travels to Dentue's house. He meets Fleur d'Epine posing as a shepherd. He frees her from Dentue and they return to Kashmir. On the way he tells her how he and his brother Phenix went to seek adventures. Serena gives Tarare the remedy that cures Luisante's eyes. The caliph wants him to marry Luisante and fill his palace with baby Tarares. At the mention of "baby Tarares" the sultan interrupts Dinarzade and Scheherazade's life is safe. Dinarzade continues her story: Tarare marries Fleur d'Epine, whereas Phenix marries Luisante. Phenix then tells his adventures which overlap with those of his brother.

Les quatre Facardins (read online) tells the adventures of three men, all called Facardin: Facardin of Trebizond, the handsome Facardin, and the tall Facardin. Hamilton left the story incomplete and never mentions the fourth Facardin.[295]Template:R/superscript[285]Template:R/superscript Saintsbury considers it the best of Hamilton's tales.[296]Template:R/superscript Facardin of Trebizond tells the story. He meets the handsome Facardin who tells his adventures on the Lions' Island and on Mount Atlas. He seeks adventures to become worthy of Mousseline. Facardin of Trebizond then meets Cristalline who is the lady of the rings from Arabian nights. She tells her life in which she was married to a genie but loved the tall Facardin. Facardin of Trebizond delivers Cristalline from the genie and they meet the tall Facardin. The story breaks off at that point.Template:Efn

L'Enchanteur Faustus (read online) tells how Faust conjures up Helen of Troy, Cleopatra, Fair Rosamond, and other beauties to appear before Queen Elizabeth of England.[297]Template:R/superscript Contrary to Hamilton's other tales, this one is linear and easy to follow.[298]Template:R/superscript Hamilton dedicated it to his niece Margaret, his brother John's daughter.[299]Template:R/superscript

Hamilton's tales were circulated privately as manuscripts during his lifetime.[258]Template:R/superscript The first three were published individually in Paris in 1730, ten years after the author's death. A collection of his works, Œuvres mêlées en prose et en vers, published in 1731, contains the unfinished Zénéyde.[300]Template:R/superscript L'Enchanteur Faustus was published belatedly in 1776[243]Template:R/superscript but might have been written much earlier, probably even before the memoirs.[301]Template:R/superscript

Other works

Hamilton also wrote songs and exchanged amusing verses with the Duke of Berwick.[302]Template:R/superscript He helped his niece Claude Charlotte, Gramont's daughter, who had married Henry Stafford-Howard, 1st Earl of Stafford, in 1694,[303]Template:R/superscript to carry on a witty correspondence with Lady Mary Wortley Montagu.[304]Template:R/superscript[305]Template:R/superscript

Notes and references

Notes

Template:Notelist

Citations

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
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Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".

Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Sources

Subject matter monographs:

<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1". – Altenheim
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – 1643 to 1660
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – (Preview)
  • Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
  • Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – 1554 to 1790
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – 1645 to 1649
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – Monteq to Riva
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – Cavalry
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – 1685 to 1689
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – 1706 to 1707
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – 1707 to 1709
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – 1717 to 1719
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – (for timeline)
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – 1509 to 1689
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – Bra to C (for Butler)
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – N to R (for Ormond)
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – S to T (for Stafford and Tyrconnell)
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – 1649 to 1664
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – Ab-Adam to Basing (for Abercorn family tree)
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – Does not seem to be available online
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – (for timeline)
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – Princeps
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – Fleur d’Épine, Bélier, Facardins, Zénéide & Faustus (for the illustration)
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". <!—- Chapters I to VII -->
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – Appendix by Hartmann to Hamilton's Memoirs translated by Quennell
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1". – Hely to Hooke (for Hamilton)
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1". – (1st page abstract only)
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – GAB to HAZ (for Hamilton)
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – GAR to GUE (for Gramont)
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – GUE to IZA (for Harlay)
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – G to M (for Hamilton)
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – 1705 to 1714
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – (for place name pronunciation)
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – Chapters XXIII to XL
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – Abercorn to Balmerino
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – St Martin, Grève, St Paul, St Avoye, Temple, St Antoine
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – 1687 to 1689
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – A partial translation of the Causeries de lundi
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – 1703
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – 1706 to 1707
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – 1711 to 1712
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – 1707 to 1708
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – 17th century
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – 1643 to 1685
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – T 1/80.105, National Archives, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". – 1643 to 1660 and index
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Authority control".

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