Antimony trisulfide
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Template:Chembox image cellTemplate:Chembox image cellTemplate:Chembox AllOtherNamesTemplate:Chembox headerbarTemplate:Chembox IndexlistTemplate:Chembox JmolTemplate:Chembox ChEMBLTemplate:Chembox ECHATemplate:Chembox E numberTemplate:Chembox IUPHAR ligandTemplate:Chembox UNIITemplate:Chembox CompToxTemplate:Chembox headerbarTemplate:Chembox SolubilityInWaterTemplate:Chembox headerbarTemplate:Chembox headerbarTemplate:Chembox Lethal amounts (set)Template:Chembox setHeaderTemplate:Chembox setDatarowTemplate:Chembox setDatarowTemplate:Chembox setDatarowTemplate:Chembox headerbarTemplate:Chembox Datapage checkTemplate:Chembox Footer| Template:Longitem | Template:Unbulleted list |
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| Template:Longitem | Template:Chem2 |
| Molar mass | Template:Chem molar mass |
| Appearance | Grey or black orthorhombic crystals (stibnite) |
| Density | 4.562g cm−3 (stibnite)[1] |
| Melting point | Template:Chembox CalcTemperatures |
| Boiling point | Template:Chembox CalcTemperatures |
| Template:Longitem | −86.0·10−6 cm3/mol |
| Template:Longitem | 4.046 |
| Template:Longitem | 123.32 J/(mol·K) |
| Template:Longitem | −157.8 kJ/mol |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | Template:NFPA 704 diamond |
| Template:Longitem | Template:Ubl |
| Template:Longitem | Arsenic trisulfide Bismuth(III) sulfide |
| Template:Longitem | Antimony pentasulfide |
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Antimony trisulfide (Template:Chem2) is found in nature as the crystalline mineral stibnite and the amorphous red mineral (actually a mineraloid)[3] metastibnite.[4] It is manufactured for use in safety matches, military ammunition, explosives and fireworks. It is also used as a friction material in brake linings. It is a critical primer material for military applications and tracer bullets.[5] It also is used in the production of ruby-colored glass and in plastics as a flame retardant.[6] Historically the stibnite form was used as a grey pigment in paintings produced in the 16th century.[7] In 1817, the dye and fabric chemist, John Mercer discovered the non-stoichiometric compound Antimony Orange (approximate formula Template:Chem2), the first good orange pigment available for cotton fabric printing.[8]
Antimony trisulfide was also used as the image sensitive photoconductor in vidicon camera tubes. It is a semiconductor with a direct band gap of 1.8–2.5 eV.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". With suitable doping, p and n type materials can be produced.[9]
Preparation and reactions
Template:Chem2 can be prepared from the elements at temperature 500–900 °C:[6]
Template:Chem2 is precipitated when [[hydrogen sulfide|Template:Chem2]] is passed through an acidified solution of Sb(III).[10] This reaction has been used as a gravimetric method for determining antimony, bubbling Template:Chem2 through a solution of Sb(III) compound in hot HCl deposits an orange form of Template:Chem2 which turns black under the reaction conditions.[11]
Template:Chem2 is readily oxidised, reacting vigorously with oxidising agents.[6] It burns in air with a blue flame. It reacts with incandescence with cadmium, magnesium and zinc chlorates. Mixtures of Template:Chem2 and chlorates may explode.[12]
In the extraction of antimony from antimony ores the alkaline sulfide process is employed where Template:Chem2 reacts to form thioantimonate(III) salts (also called thioantimonite):[13]
A number of salts containing different thioantimonate(III) ions can be prepared from Template:Chem2. These include:[14]
Schlippe's salt, Template:Chem2, a thioantimonate(V) salt is formed when Template:Chem2 is boiled with sulfur and sodium hydroxide. The reaction can be represented as:[10]
Structure
The structure of the black needle-like form of Template:Chem2, stibnite, consists of linked ribbons in which antimony atoms are in two different coordination environments, trigonal pyramidal and square pyramidal.[10] Similar ribbons occur in Template:Chem2 and Template:Chem2.[15] The red form, metastibnite, is amorphous. Recent work suggests that there are a number of closely related temperature dependent structures of stibnite which have been termed stibnite (I) the high temperature form, identified previously, stibnite (II) and stibnite (III).[16] Other paper shows that the actual coordination polyhedra of antimony are in fact Template:Chem2, with (3+4) coordination at the M1 site and (5+2) at the M2 site.Template:Cln These coordinations consider the presence of secondary bonds. Some of the secondary bonds impart cohesion and are connected with packing.[17]
References
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- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ SUPERGENE METASTIBNITE FROM MINA ALACRAN, PAMPA LARGA, COPIAPO, CHILE, Alan H Clark, THE AMERICAN MINERALOGIST. VOL. 55., 1970
- ↑ www.antimonytrisulfide.com
- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Electrochemistry of Metal Chalcogenides, Mirtat Bouroushian, Springer, 2010
- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ A.I. Vogel, (1951), Quantitative Inorganic analysis, (2d edition), Longmans Green and Co
- ↑ Hazardous Laboratory Chemicals Disposal Guide, Third Edition, CRC Press, 2003, Margaret-Ann Armour, Template:ISBN
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Inorganic Reactions and Methods, The Formation of Bonds to Group VIB (O, S, Se, Te, Po) Elements (Part 1) (Volume 5) Ed. A.P, Hagen,1991, Wiley-VCH, Template:ISBN
- ↑ Wells A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry 5th edition Oxford Science Publications Template:ISBN
- ↑ Kuze S., Du Boulay D., Ishizawa N., Saiki A, Pring A.; (2004), X ray diffraction evidence for a monoclinic form of stibnite, Sb2S3, below 290K; American Mineralogist, 9(89), 1022-1025.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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