Anserine
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Anserine (β-alanyl-3-methylhistidine) is a dipeptide containing β-alanine and 3-methylhistidine.[1] Anserine is a derivative of carnosine, which has been methylated.[2]
Anserine has biological activities similar to those of carnosine, including buffering activity, antioxidant properties, metal ion chelation, and anti-aggregation effects.[3] Both anserine and carnosine chelate copper.[4] Because of its methylation, anserine is more stable in serum and resistant to degradation than carnosine.[5] Compared with carnosine, anserine have a higher antioxidant capacity.[6]
Anserine can be found in the skeletal muscle and brain of mammals and birds.[2] Anserine is also found in human kidney.[7]
The pKa of the imidazole ring of histidine, when contained in anserine, is 7.04.[8][9]
Biosynthesis
Anserine can be synthesized through methylation of carnosine, by carnosine N-methyltransferase (CARNMT1).[3]
Anti-inflammatory effects
High concentration of anserine reduced interstitial inflammation and alleviated Kidney Fibrosis in Type-1 diabetic mice with Carnosinase-1 knock-out on high fat diet.[10] In another high-fat diet model, anserine treatment exhibited hypolipidemic and anti-obesity effects by inhibiting p-NF-κB p65 expression.[11]
Metal binding
Both anserine and carnosine bind copper and other transition metals.[12] Chelation of transition metals is one mechanism for their antioxidant activity.[4][8]
See also
References
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