Anselmo Lorenzo

Template:Short description Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Main otherTemplate:Wikidata image Anselmo Lorenzo Asperilla (21 April 1841 – 30 November 1914) was a Spanish anarchist activist and writer. He is known for his leading role in the early stages of the Spanish anarchist movement, for which he became known as "the grandfather of Spanish anarchism".

Lorenzo was first exposed to radical politics in the 1860s, when he was introduced to republicanism and federalism. Following the Glorious Revolution of 1868, he became a founding member of the Spanish Regional Federation of the International Workingmen's Association (FRE-AIT) and was elected to its federal council at the 1870 Barcelona Workers' Congress. He was at the centre of a split between the anarchist and Marxist factions of the AIT, which culminated in him resigning as the organisation's general secretary. He then established a number of clandestine cells of the AIT in Andalusia, which became the nuclei for revolutionary activity during the Cantonal Revolution. After the suppression of the revolution, he came into conflict with the AIT's moderate faction of syndicalists, who forced him out of the organisation before reorganising it into the Federation of Workers of the Spanish Region (FTRE).

During the 1880s, Lorenzo turned to writing and became an exponent of the theory of anarchism without adjectives, which advocated for an end to political infighting in the anarchist movement. In 1894, he launched his own newspaper, La Ciencia Social, but it was shut down during the Montjuïc trials and he fled into exile. Following the Spanish defeat in the Spanish-American War, Lorenzo called for anarchists to adopt a new strategy and formulated the tendency of anarcho-syndicalism. He also became involved in the Barcelona Modern School and observed the Tragic Week uprising. In 1910, Lorenzo participated in the foundation of the National Confederation of Labour (CNT), which went on to become the predominant anarchist organisation in Spain. He died following the outbreak of World War I.

Biography

Anselmo Lorenzo Asperilla was born in 1841, in the Castilian city of Toledo, into a working-class family. At a young age, he went to live with his uncle in Madrid, where he went to work as a typographer. He attended events at the Fomento de las Artes cultural centre, where he was introduced to new ideas on progressive politics.Template:Sfn Here, Lorenzo became interested in federal republicanism and read the works of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Francesc Pi i Margall.Template:Sfnm In the 1860s, Lorenzo attended a series of lectures by Juan Serrano Oteiza,Template:Sfnm who first introduced him to the idea of revolution.Template:Sfn

Leadership of the FRE-AIT

Following the Glorious Revolution of 1868, Lorenzo attended a small meeting of federalists organised by the Italian anarchist Giuseppe Fanelli.Template:Sfnm Fanelli spoke to them in the French and Italian languages, neither of which Lorenzo understood, but he was nevertheless able to follow his expressive and animated speech about the exploitation of labour and revolution.Template:Sfnm Over the following weeks, Lorenzo continued to attend Fanelli's speeches and have conversations with him, gaining his favour.Template:Sfn He would later become a subject of Lorenzo's works, along with Tomás González Morago, considered the first Spanish anarchist.Template:Sfn

On 24 January 1869, the small group of painters, printers and shoemakers constituted the Madrid section of the International Workingmen's Association (AIT).Template:Sfnm Lorenzo attempted to convince Fanelli to stay with them, but he refused, telling Lorenzo that it was up to them to self-organise towards collective action.Template:Sfn Their new organisation quickly grew, gaining 2,000 members during its first year of operations and publishing the newspaper La Solidaridad,Template:Sfnm which Lorenzo co-edited.Template:Sfn As the Madrid AIT grew, Lorenzo sought to give it some organisational structure and recruited some Freemasons, who he described as the organisation's "auxiliaries".Template:Sfn At the 1870 Barcelona Workers' Congress, delegates from throughout the country established a Spanish Regional Federation of the AIT (FRE-AIT) and elected Lorenzo to its federal council,Template:Sfnm alongside Morago, Template:Ill, Template:Ill and Ángel Mora. By this time, all of them had already joined Mikhail Bakunin's International Alliance of Socialist Democracy (AIDS), which effectively controlled the new FRE-AIT.Template:Sfn Lorenzo was disturbed by the alliance between anarchists and reformists in the Barcelona section of the FRE, and believed it would have been better if the AIDS had educated the trade unionists on how to obtain agreements through collective direct action.Template:Sfn

Following the rise of Amadeo of Savoy to the Spanish throne in December 1870, AIT members were increasingly targetted for political repression by the new government.Template:Sfn In June 1871, Lorenzo and Morago fled the country and took refuge in Lisbon, taking the records of the FRE-AIT with them.Template:Sfnm In the Portuguese capital, they helped establish a Portuguese Federation of the AIT,Template:Sfnm before returning to Madrid three months later.Template:Sfn During their brief time in exile, divisions began to emerge between the anarchist and the Marxist members of the federal council, respectively led by Morago and Mora.Template:Sfn The federal council of the FRE-AIT subsequently collapsed and Lorenzo found himself doing most of the organisational work.Template:Sfn In September 1871, the Valencia Conference of the FRE-AIT reorganised the fractured federation into a decentralised federation of trade unions and regional groups. This caused the organisation to break down into bureaucracy, with Lorenzo estimating that 7,500 people would have been required to staff all its committees and councils.Template:Sfn That same month, Lorenzo travelled to London for an AIT conference, where he met Karl Marx and witnessed the first signs of a coming split between the anarchists and Marxists.Template:Sfnm When he returned to Spain, he failed to inform the FRE what was happening in the AIT, which allowed the French Marxist Paul Lafargue to begin inculcating the FRE-AIT with Marxist doctrine.Template:Sfn Lafargue established a Marxist grouping within the Madrid section of the FRE, which attracted printworkers such as Pablo Iglesias, Template:Ill and briefly Lorenzo himself. Together they used the newspaper La Emancipación to advocate for Marxism in the Spanish labour movement.Template:Sfn

In April 1872, the FRE-AIT held its Zaragoza Congress, where delegates made attempts to mend the divide between the anarchists and Marxists, and elected Lorenzo as the general secretary of a new federal council.Template:Sfn In the weeks after the congress, internal conflict between the two factions quickly resumed.Template:Sfnm Lorenzo came to believe that the AIDS had failed to organise the working class towards collective action, as Spanish workers did not yet have experience in mass organisation.Template:Sfn Other anarchists on the federal council became suspicious of Lorenzo, due to his friendship with Paul Lafargue.Template:Sfnm When they went through Lorenzo's mail and questioned him about his allegiances, he resigned from the federal council.Template:Sfn Despite this, he remained an anarchist and a member of the FRE-AIT.Template:Sfn Later that spring, the federal council dispatched Lorenzo to Andalusia to establish clandestine cells of the organisation that could carry out an insurrection against the state and resist political repression.Template:Sfn If they were to carry out a successful insurrection, Lorenzo directed them to establish revolutionary juntas, which he said should exclude "bourgeois elements" such as the liberals and federalists if it were possible.Template:Sfn He reported back that the FRE-AIT had experienced rapid growth in the region, with viable groups having been established Cádiz, Carmona, Jerez, Málaga and Seville, and smaller groups in Aguilar and Córdoba.Template:Sfn While he was in Seville, AIDS members brought him to the city's prison to meet the incarcerated local anarchist leader Template:Ill.Template:Sfn In 1873, these Andalusian FRE-AIT cells played a small part in the Cantonal rebellion, although this would ultimately be suppressed by the forces of Arsenio Martínez Campos and Manuel Pavía.Template:Sfn

Repression and divisions

Following the suppression of the Cantonal rebellion, over the course of the 1870s, the FRE went into decline due to internal divisions and state repression.Template:Sfn It became increasingly difficult to organise strike actions in Spain, which Lorenzo believed was partly due to the strict bureaucratic regulations imposed on FRE sections by the federal council.Template:Sfn In the summer of 1875, the political repression in Spain forced Lorenzo into exile in France. He soon returned to Barcelona, where he made contact with the federal council and discussed how they could revive the FRE. He was informed by José García Viñas that the AIDS, which was widely believed to have disappeared after the 1872 Zaragoza Congress, had been resurrected and continued to function clandestinely.Template:Sfn Lorenzo discovered that García Viñas himself had sustained it over the years, with Lorenzo later describing him as the "dictator" of the AIDS.Template:Sfn He also found that the Catalan anarchists held strong regionalist sentiments and felt discriminated against for being Castilian.Template:Sfn

By 1880, political repression against the FRE had calmed and the organisation's more militant members became isolated by a rising syndicalist faction, which argued for the organisation to abandon clandestine revolutionary struggle and reorient itself towards legal trade union activities.Template:Sfn When Lorenzo, who opposed this move, was reelected to the federal council by a majority of votes, the syndicalists accused him of election fraud and expelled him from the FRE.Template:Sfn In 1881, the FRE-AIT was dissolved and reorganised into the Federation of Workers of the Spanish Region (FTRE),Template:Sfnm a specifically anarchist organisation with a dominant syndicalist tendency.Template:Sfnm Lorenzo's expulsion provoked him to briefly retire from political activism, but by 1884, he had returned to a leading role in the anarchist movement.Template:Sfn In 1886, he began contributing to Antoni Pellicer's weekly newspaper Template:Ill.Template:Sfnm He mostly wrote his articles during his spare time, while working full-time at his job.Template:Sfn He was one of the few notable Spanish anarchist writers of the time, alongside Joan Montseny and Ricardo Mella.Template:Sfn In contrast with Mella, who was a very private person, Lorenzo and Montseny often wrote about their own personal experiences.Template:Sfn Lorenzo also mentored the young writer Fernando Tarrida del Marmol, who became a life-long friend.Template:Sfn Lorenzo soon adopted Mella and Tarrida's theory of anarchism without adjectives, which called for an end to the ongoing conflict between collectivist and communist anarchists.Template:SfnThese currents were respectively represented by the Pact of Union and Solidarity (PUS) and the Anarchist Organisation of the Spanish Region (OARE), which replaced the FTRE in 1888.Template:Sfn

In 1894, Lorenzo launched the weekly newspaper La Ciencia Social, which took contributions from the French anarchists Augustin Hamon and Fernand Pelloutier, and the Spanish journalists Miguel de Unamuno and Template:Ill.Template:Sfn Following the 1896 Barcelona Corpus Christi procession bombing, the authorities shut down La Ciencia SocialTemplate:Sfn and imprisoned Lorenzo as part of the Montjuïc trials.Template:Sfnm He was chained together with Tarrida, who managed to get word out about their treatment.Template:Sfn The repression of the Montjuïc trials culminated in the disollution of the PUS and OARE,Template:Sfnm and forced Lorenzo himself to flee into exile.Template:Sfn Lorenzo made his way to Paris, where he, along with Tarrida and Montseny, contributed to the newspaper La Campaña, edited by Template:Ill.Template:Sfn Lorenzo also met the anarchist educator Francesc Ferrer, whose philosophical anarchism was strongly influenced by Lorenzo.Template:Sfn

Role in the anarchist revival

Following the collapse of the Spanish Empire after its defeat in the Spanish–American War, anarchism in Spain experienced a revival, with the Generation of '98 introducing the tendency of individualist anarchism to the movement.Template:Sfn Lorenzo, along with Ricardo Mella and Josep Prat, considered the individualist tendency to be an illegitimate interpretation of anarchism. In a challenge to this new tendency, Lorenzo and Prat sought to formulate a "workable strategy for direct action".Template:Sfn Together they synthesised anarchist philosophy with revolutionary syndicalist practice, establishing the tendency of anarcho-syndicalism in Spain.Template:Sfn Lorenzo's anarcho-syndicalism had a notable utopian tendency, which held that it was not only possible but desirable to establish an anarchist society.Template:Sfn

In September 1901, Ferrer established the Barcelona Modern School, where he employed Lorenzo as a translator.Template:Sfn Together with Ferrer, Lorenzo edited the anarcho-syndicalist newspaper La Huelga General from 1901 to 1902.Template:Sfn He also wrote and published his memoir, El Proletariado Militante, between 1901 and 1903.Template:Sfn The Modern School was shut down in the wake of the Morral affair in 1906, when Template:Ill attempted to assassinate the Spanish royal family; Morral had previously denounced Ferrer and Lorenzo for opposing assassination attempts.Template:Sfn

In July 1909, Lorenzo witnessed the Tragic Week uprising in Barcelona. In a letter to Fernando Tarrida del Mármol, he described it as a spontaneous social revolution organised by the working class, and said no political faction had instigated it.Template:Sfnm The uprising was suppressed and many leading anarchists, including Francesc Ferrer, who had no direct involvement in the uprising, were imprisoned and executed.Template:Sfnm Over the subsequent year, Lorenzo issued calls for anarchists to participate in the labour movement in the anarchist communist newspaper Tierra y Libertad. This process culminated in October 1910, with the establishment of a new anarchist trade union federation: the National Confederation of Labour (CNT).Template:Sfn Over the next four years, the organisation Lorenzo had helped found grew to count almost 15,000 members.Template:Sfn

Following the outbreak of World War I, a number of leading anarchists, including Peter Kropotkin, expressed support for the Allied powers. According to Manuel Buenacasa, this defection hastened the decline of Lorenzo's ailing health. Anselmo Lorenzo died on 30 November 1914.Template:Sfn

Legacy

For his contribution to the spread of anarchism throughout Spain, particularly in Catalonia and Andalusia, Lorenzo became known as the "grandfather of Spanish anarchism".Template:Sfn By the 1920s, the CNT was organising to reduce working hours, inspired by Lorenzo's argument that it would give people "the liberty in which to think, to study, to satisfy their moral instincts."Template:Sfn His 1901 memoir, El Proletariado Militante, is considered a classic of the early Spanish anarchist movement and has been used as a key primary source on the history of the FRE-AIT.Template:Sfn In his 1978 book The Spanish Anarchists, American historian Murray Bookchin listed Lorenzo alongside Fermín Salvochea and Buenaventura Durruti, as people who he thought "literally personified" aspects of anarchism.Template:Sfn

Selected works

• El Proletariado Militante (Barcelona, 1901-1903)Template:Sfnm
• Vía libre. El Trabajador, su ideal emancipador (Barcelona, 1905)Template:Sfn
• El banquete de la vida (Barcelona, 1905)Template:Sfn
• Justo Vives. Episodio dramático-social (Buenos Aires, 1914)Template:Sfn
• Criterio libertario (Barcelona, 1978)Template:Sfn