Angon
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The angon (Medieval Greek Script error: No such module "Lang"., Old High German ango, Old English anga "hook, point, spike") is a type of javelin that was used during the Early Middle Ages by the Anglo-Saxons, Franks, Goths, and other Germanic peoples.[1] It was similar to, and probably derived from, the pilum used by the Roman army and had a barbed head and long narrow socket or shank made of iron mounted on a wooden haft.[1][2][3]
It was rare on the battlefield,[4] despite the claim by the Greek historian Agathias,[5] being found mostly in the grave goods of the wealthy.[4] The Fragmentary Chronicle of Saragossa credits an ango with killing King Amalaric of the Visigoths.[4] By the 7th century it had ceased to be used.[4] It also went out of fashion, together with other forms of throwing spears and javelins, in Francia, by the early 7th century.[6]
They are found in abundance in war graves in Illerup-Ådal, Denmark. They are also quite common in Norwegian graves from the Migration Era. In Finland, a local version of the weapon was popular during the Early Middle Ages.[7]
Although not very frequent in the Baltic countries, examples have also been found at various sites in Estonia, including burial sites at Sõrve and Hinniala.[8]
Description
Evidence for the length of insular Anglo-Saxon spears is limited, but based on grave finds it has been estimated that they ranged in length from Script error: No such module "convert"., compared to continental examples found at Nydam Mose in Denmark which range from Script error: No such module "convert". long.[9] Although shorter and lighter spears with smaller heads were generally preferred for use as javelins,[10] an exception was the barbed angon, one of which was found at Abingdon with a head measuring Script error: No such module "convert"..[11] The barbs were designed to lodge in an opponent's shield (or body) so that it could not be removed and the long iron shank prevented the head from being cut from the shaft.[12] The angon was likely designed to disable enemy shields, thus leaving combatants vulnerable, and disrupting enemy formations.[13] The shaft may sometimes have been decorated or painted, and iron or bronze rings were sometimes fitted onto it which may have marked the center of balance and thus the best place to hold the weapon.[9]
Use
Before the battle lines joined and warriors engaged in hand-to-hand combat, they would attempt to thin the enemy ranks with ranged weapons. This would begin with archery, followed by an exchange of javelins and throwing axes before closing.[10] The scholar Agathias recorded the use of angons by Frankish warriors at the Battle of Casilinum in 554:
The poem recording the Battle of Maldon in Essex, England, in 991 AD, describes an encounter between the earl Byrhtnoth and a group of Norsemen in which an exchange of javelins is made before the warriors draw their swords and engage in close combat.[14]
The maximum effective range of the angon and other javelins was probably Script error: No such module "convert". depending on the length and weight of the weapon and the skill of the thrower.[12] It is not known to have been used in war beyond the 7th century, but during the 16th century it was used sporadically for hunting.[15]
See also
References
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- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d Halsall, p. 165.
- ↑ Histories 5.2.4–8.
- ↑ Harrington, Sue. The Early Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms of Southern Britain AD 450-650: Beneath the Tribal Hidage. Oxbow Books (June 4, 2014). p. 201
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Tvauri, Andres (2012). The Migration Period, Pre-Viking Age, and Viking Age in Estonia. Tartu University Press. pp. 192-193. Template:ISBN.
- ↑ a b Underwood (1999), p.44.
- ↑ a b Underwood (1999), p. 23.
- ↑ Underwood (1999), p. 24-25.
- ↑ a b Underwood (1999), p. 25.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Crossley-Holland, Kevin, trans. (1999). The Anglo-Saxon World: An Anthology. The Battle of Maldon, p.14-15. Oxford World's Classics. Template:ISBN.
- ↑ Blair and Tarassuk (1982), p.285.
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