Amorphophallus
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Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox
Amorphophallus is a large genus of some 200 tropical and subtropical tuberous herbaceous plants from the arum family (Araceae), native to Asia, Africa, Australia and various oceanic islands.[1][2] The genus includes the Titan arum (A. titanum) of Indonesia, which has the largest inflorescence in the genus, and is known as the 'corpse flower' for the pungent odour it produces during its flowering period, which can take up to seven years of growth before it occurs.[3]
A few species are edible as "famine foods" after careful preparation to remove irritating chemicals.[4]
History
The oldest systematic record of the plants was in 1692, when Van Rheede tot Drakenstein published descriptions of two plants. The name "Amorphophallus" was first mentioned in 1834 by the Dutch botanist Blume[5] from Ancient Greek Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". "without form, misshapen" and Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". "penis", referring to the shape of the prominent spadix.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Between 1876 and 1911, Adolf Engler merged a number of other genera into Amorphophallus, with a final monograph published in 1911.[5]
Distribution
These are typical lowland plants, growing in the tropical and subtropical zones of the paleotropics, from West Africa through the Pacific Islands. None of them are found in the Americas, although a remarkably similar but not closely related genus, Dracontium, has evolved there. Most species are endemic. They grow preferentially on disturbed grounds, such as secondary forests.[6]
Description
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These small to massive plants grow from a subterranean tuber. Amorphophallus tubers vary greatly from species to species, from the quite uniformly globose tuber of A. konjac to the elongated tubers of A. longituberosus and A. macrorhizus to the bizarre clustered rootstock of A. coaetaneus. The weight of these tubers range from as little as Template:Cvt in Amorphophallus pusillus of Vietnam[7] to as much as Template:Cvt for Amorphophallus titanum. From the top of this tuber a single leaf, which can be several metres across in larger species, is produced atop a trunk-like petiole followed, on maturity, by a single inflorescence. This leaf consists of a vertical leaf stalk and a horizontal blade, which may consist of a number of small leaflets. The leaf lasts one growing season. The peduncle (the primary flower stalk) can be long or short.
As is typical of the Arum family, these species develop an inflorescence consisting of an elongate or ovate spathe (a sheathing bract) which usually envelops the spadix (a flower spike with a fleshy axis). The spathe can have different colours, but mostly brownish-purple or whitish-green. On the inside, they contain ridges or warts, functioning as insect traps.
The plants are monoecious. The spadix has tiny flowers: female flowers, no more than a pistil, at the bottom, then male flowers, each with one stamen, and then a blank sterile area. This last part, called 'the appendix', consists of sterile flowers, called staminodes, and can be especially large. The flowers do not have corollas.
Mature female flowers are usually receptive for only one day. In many species, the inflorescence emits a scent of decaying flesh in order to attract insects, though a number of species give off a pleasant odour. Through a number of ingenious insect traps, pollinating insects that entered a spathe when female flowers were receptive remain inside the spathe for about one day while male flowers mature and release pollen. Pollen falls on these insects, and they carry pollen as they exit the spathe and can pollinate female flowers in another spathe. Amorphophallus species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species including Palpifer sexnotatus and Palpifer sordida.
Pollinated flowers usually each develop into a globose berry, a fruit. The berries are red, orange-red, white, white and yellow, or blue, depending on the species.
Notable species
The species Amorphophallus titanum, 'corpse flower' or titan arum, has the world's largest unbranched inflorescence, with a height of up to Script error: No such module "convert". and a width of Script error: No such module "convert"..Script error: No such module "Unsubst". After an over Script error: No such module "convert".-tall flower opened at Chicago Botanic Gardens on 29 September 2015, thousands lined up to see and smell it. The floriculturalist described it as smelling "like roadkill, a barnyard, a dirty diaper, very strong, a little bit of mothball smell too". Native to the Indonesian rainforest, it takes about 10 years to blossom. Dubbed "Alice", its bloom was broadcast via live webcam. It is one of two plants at the Chicago Botanic Gardens, which kept open until 2 am on September 30 to accommodate visitors.[8]
A runner-up is Amorphophallus gigas, which is taller Template:Cvt[9] but has a somewhat smaller inflorescence.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Amorphophallus konjac tubers are used to make Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., a Japanese thickening agent and edible jelly containing glucomannan.[10]
Some species are called voodoo-lily, as are some species of Typhonium (also in the Araceae).[11][12]
Taxonomy and systematics
| Amorphophallus Subgenera |
|
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The genus was divided into 4 subgenera based on phylogenetic analysis in 2017,[13] with a number of SE Asian genera currently unplaced:
Subgenus Amorphophallus
| Image | Name | Year | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amorphophallus adamsensis Magtoto, Mones, Ballada, Austria, R.M.Dizon, Alangui, ReginaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2013 | Philippines | |
| Amorphophallus angulatus Hett. & A.VogelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1994 | Borneo (Sarawak) | |
| Amorphophallus ardii[14] Yuzammi & Hett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2020 | Sulawesi | |
| Amorphophallus asper (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1911 | Sumatera | |
| Amorphophallus bangkokensis Gagnep.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1941 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus beccarii Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1880 | Sumatera | |
| Amorphophallus borneensis (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1911 | Borneo | |
| Amorphophallus boyceanus Hett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2001 | Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia | |
| Amorphophallus brachyphyllus Hett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2001 | Borneo (Kuching) | |
| Amorphophallus bufo Ridl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1909 | Malaysia | |
| Amorphophallus calcicolus Tamayo MN, Magtoto LM, Sumalinog MS, Reyes TD, Austria CMScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2021 | Philippines | |
| Amorphophallus caudatus Bustamante et al.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2020 | Philippines | |
| Amorphophallus cidarioides J.R.Callado, Medecilo & Hett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2020 | Philippines | |
| File:Dragon stalk yam Amorphophallus commutatus by Dr Raju Kasambe DSCN3919 (1) 04.jpg | Amorphophallus commutatus (Schott) Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1879 | Western India |
| Amorphophallus costatus Hett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1994 | Borneo (Sarawak, Kalimantan) | |
| Amorphophallus declinatus Hett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1994 | Philippines | |
| File:20211023 Hortus Botanicus - Amorphophallus decus-silvae v1.jpg | Amorphophallus decus-silvae Backer & Alderw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". : West-Java giant amorphophallus | 1920 | Java |
| Amorphophallus discophorusBacker & Alderw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1920 | Java | |
| Amorphophallus eburneus BognerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1989 | Borneo (Sarawak) | |
| Amorphophallus elegans Ridl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1922 | Peninsular Malaysia | |
| Amorphophallus flammeus Calaramo, Batuyong, Bulawin & AlejandroScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2022 | Philippines | |
| Amorphophallus fontarumii N F. Bulawin, M P. Medecilo-Guiang, Grecebio J. D. AlejandroScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2022 | Philippines (Luzon) | |
| Amorphophallus forbesii (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1911 | Sumatra | |
| Amorphophallus fornicatus Hett., J.R.C.Callado & WistubaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2020 | Philippines (Luzon) | |
| File:Amorphophallus galbra ALA2.jpg | Amorphophallus galbraF.M.BaileyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1893 | New Guinea to N. Australia |
| File:Bunga Amorphophallus Gigas.jpg | Amorphophallus gigas Teijsm. & Binn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".: Sumatra giant amorphophallus | 1862 | Sumatra |
| File:Amorphophallus hewittii 107071650.jpg | Amorphophallus hewittii Alderw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1920 | Borneo |
| Amorphophallus hirsutus Teijsm. & Binn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1862 | Nicobar Islands, W. Sumatra | |
| Amorphophallus hottae Bogner & Hett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1992 | Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak) | |
| Amorphophallus infundibuliformis Hett., A.Dearden & A.VogelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1994 | Borneo | |
| Amorphophallus julaihii Ipor, Tawan & P.C.BoyceScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2004 | Borneo (Sarawak) | |
| Amorphophallus juliae P.C.Boyce & Hett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2010 | Borneo (Sarawak) | |
| Amorphophallus koratensis Gagnep. | 1941 | Cambodia, Laos, Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus lambii Mayo & Widjaja | 1982 | Borneo | |
| Amorphophallus linguiformis Hett. | 1994 | Borneo (Kalimantan) | |
| File:Amorphophallus l.jpg | Amorphophallus longispathaceus Engl. & Gehrm. | 1911 | Philippines (Mindanao) |
| Amorphophallus longistylus Kurz ex Hook.f. | 1893 | Andaman Islands. | |
| Amorphophallus luzoniensis Merr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1915 | Philippines (Luzon) | |
| Amorphophallus malkmus-husseinii A.Galloway, Prehsler & ClaudelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2019 | Laos | |
| Amorphophallus manta Hett. & IttenbachScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1994 | Sumatra to Peninsula Malaysia | |
| Amorphophallus merrilliiK.KrauseScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1912 | Philippines | |
| Amorphophallus minimus R.Bustam., C.Claudel & M.N.TamayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2021 | Philippines | |
| Amorphophallus minor Ridl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1904 | Peninsula Malaysia | |
| Amorphophallus myosuroides Hett. & A.GallowayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2006 | Laos | |
| Amorphophallus niahensis P.C.Boyce & Hett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2010 | Borneo (Sarawak) | |
| Amorphophallus obovoideus Alderw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1922 | Sumatra | |
| Amorphophallus obscurus Hett. & SizemoreScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2001 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus ongsakulii Hett. & A.GallowayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2006 | Laos | |
| Amorphophallus opertus Hett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1994 | Vietnam | |
| File:Amorphophallus Paeoniifolius e.jpg | Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) NicolsonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".: Whitespot giant arum, elephant yam | 1977 | Andaman Island, Assam, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China South-Central, China Southeast, East Himalaya, Hainan, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sundas Is., Malaya, Maluku, Myanmar, New Guinea, Northern Territory, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam |
| Amorphophallus palawanensis Bogner & Hett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1992 | Philippines | |
| Amorphophallus pendulus Bogner & MayoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".: Brunei amorphophallus | 1986 | Borneo (Brunei, Sarawak) | |
| Amorphophallus plicatus Bok & H.J.LamScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1936 | Sulawesi | |
| Amorphophallus polyanthus Hett. & SizemoreScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2001 | Thailand | |
| File:Amorphophallus paeonifolius0.jpg | Amorphophallus prainii Hook.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1893 | Laos, Malaya, Sumatera, Thailand |
| Amorphophallus pulchellus Hett. & Schuit.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2013 | Laos | |
| Amorphophallus pusillus Hett. & SerebryanyiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1994 | Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus ranchanensis Ipor, A.Simon & MeekiongScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2007 | Borneo (Sarawak) | |
| Amorphophallus rayongii Hett. & MedeciloScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2020 | Philippines | |
| Amorphophallus rostratus Hett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1994 | Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus rugosus Hett. & A.LambScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1994 | Borneo (Sabah) | |
| Amorphophallus sagittarius SteenisScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1953 | Java | |
| Amorphophallus salmoneus Hett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1994 | Philippines | |
| Amorphophallus scaber Serebryanyi & Hett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1994 | Philippines | |
| Amorphophallus serrulatus Hett. & A.GallowayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2006 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus spectabilis (Miq.) Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1879 | Java | |
| Amorphophallus sumawongii (Bogner) Bogner & MayoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1985 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus terrestris Hett. & ClaudelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2012 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus tinekeae Hett. & A.VogelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2001 | Borneo | |
| File:Redo Setiawan-Amorphopallus titanum.jpg | Amorphophallus titanum (Becc.) Becc. ex ArcangScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".: Titan arum, krubi (largest flower structure on earth) | 1879 | Sumatra |
| Amorphophallus urceolatus Hett., A.Galloway & MedeciloScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2020 | Philippines | |
| File:Amorp variab 051025-2047 stgd.jpg | Amorphophallus variabilis BlumeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1873 | Jawa to Lesser Sunda Islands, Philippines |
| Amorphophallus venustus Hett., A.Hay & MoodScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2001 | Borneo | |
| Amorphophallus verticillatus Hett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1994 | Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus yaoi Hett., A.Galloway & MedeciloScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2020 | Philippines | |
| Amorphophallus samarensis Fontarum-Bulawin, Medecilo-Guiang & Alejandro.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2024 | Philippines |
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Subgenus Scutrandrium Template:Au
| Image | Name | Year | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amorphophallus albispathus Hett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1994 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus albus P.Y.Liu & J.F.ChenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1984 | China (Sichuan, Yunnan). | |
| Amorphophallus annulifer Hett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1994 | Java | |
| Amorphophallus asterostigmatus Bogner & Hett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1992 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus bantae J.T.Scholten, D.W.Livingston & SizemoreScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2024 | Thailand (Sa Kaeo) | |
| Amorphophallus bognerianus Sivad. & JaleelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2009 | India (Arunachal Pradesh) | |
| Amorphophallus carneus Ridl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1904 | Malayasia, Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus chlorospathus Kurz ex Hook.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1893 | India, Myanmar | |
| Amorphophallus coudercii (Bogner) BognerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1985 | Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus curvistylis Hett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1994 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus echinatus Bogner & MayoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1985 | Thailand | |
| File:Amorphophallus excentricus GotBot 2015 001.jpg | Amorphophallus excentricus Hett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1994 | Thailand, Malaysia (Pulau Langkawi) |
| Amorphophallus fallax (Serebryanyi) Hett. & ClaudelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2012 | Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus flotoi (S.Y.Hu) GovaertsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2018 | Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus fuscus Hett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2006 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus glaucophyllus Hett. & SerebryanyiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2006 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus haematospadix Hook.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1893 | Thailand, Malaysia (Pulau Langkawi) | |
| Amorphophallus hohenackeri (Schott) Engl. & Gehrm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1911 | India | |
| File:田陽魔芋 Amorphophallus corrugatus -香港公園 Hong Kong Park- (9255188506).jpg | Amorphophallus kachinensis Engl. & Gehrm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1911 | China (Yunnan, Guangxi), Laos, Myanmar, Thailand |
| File:Araceae Amorphophallus konjac.jpg | Amorphophallus konjac K.KochScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".: Devil's tongue, elephant foot, elephant-yam, leopard palm, snake palm, umbrella arum, voodoo lily | 1858 | China (Yunnan) |
| Amorphophallus khammouanensis A.GallowayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2015 | Laos | |
| Amorphophallus krausei Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1911 | China (Yunnan), Laos, Myanmar, Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus kuznetsovii (Serebryanyi) Hett. & ClaudelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2012 | Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus lacourii Linden & AndréScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1878 | Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus lanceolatus (Serebryanyi) Hett. & ClaudelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2012 | Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus longituberosus (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1911 | Bangladesh, Malaya, Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus macrophyllus (Gagnep. ex Serebryanyi) Hett. & ClaudelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2012 | Thailand, Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus maxwellii Hett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1994 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus nicolsonianus SivadasanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1986 | India (Kerala) | |
| Amorphophallus napalensis (Wall.) Bogner & MayoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1985 | Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, and India | |
| Amorphophallus purpurascens Kurz ex Hook.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1893 | Myanmar | |
| Amorphophallus ravenii V.D.Nguyen & Hett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2018 | Laos | |
| Amorphophallus rhizomatosus Hett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1994 | Laos, Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus saraburensis Gagnep. Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1941 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus schmidtiae Hett. & A.GallowayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2006 | Laos | |
| Amorphophallus scutatus Hett. & T.C.Chapm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2001 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus smithsonianus SivadasanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1989 | India | |
| Amorphophallus tenuistylis Hett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1994 | Cambodia, Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus tenuispadix Hett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1994 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus wasa Naive, K.Z.Hein & Hett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2022 | Myanmar |
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Subgenus Metandrium Template:Au
| Image | Name | Year | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amorphophallus aberrans Hett. | 1994 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus amygdaloides Hett. & Sizemore | 2001 | SW. Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus angustispathus Hett. | 1994 | Myanmar | |
| Amorphophallus atrorubens Hett. & Sizemore | 2001 | NE. Thailand | |
| File:Amorphophallus atroviridis-flower.jpg | Amorphophallus atroviridis Hett. | 1994 | central Thailand |
| Amorphophallus bonaccordensis Sivad. & N.Mohanan | 1994 | Kerala | |
| Amorphophallus brevispathus Gagnep. | 1941 | Central Thailand | |
| File:Amorphophallus bulbifer 136199819.jpg | Amorphophallus bulbifer (Schott) Blume | 1837 | Indian subcontinent to Myanmar |
| Amorphophallus carnosus Engl. | 1911 | S. Andaman Islands | |
| Amorphophallus cicatricifer Hett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1994 | SW. Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus cirrifer StapfScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1924 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus coaetaneus S.Y.Liu & S.J.WeiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1986 | China (Yunnan, Guangxi), Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus croatii Hett. & A.GallowayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2006 | Laos | |
| Amorphophallus cruddasianus PrainScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1898 | Laos, Myanmar, Thailand | |
| File:Amorphophallus dunnii (SuperFantastic) 002.jpg | Amorphophallus dunnii Tutcher | 1911 | SE. China |
| Amorphophallus dzui Hett. | 2001 | Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus elatus Hook.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1893 | Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar | |
| Amorphophallus gallowayi Hett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2006 | Laos | |
| Amorphophallus glossophyllus Hett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1994 | Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus harmandii Engl. & Gehrm. | 1911 | Indochina | |
| Amorphophallus hayi Hett. | 1994 | SE China, northern Vietnam | |
| File:Amorphophallus henryi "long penduncled" JLBG.jpg | Amorphophallus henryi N.E.Br. (Taiwan amorphophallus) |
1903 | Taiwan |
| File:Amorphophallus hirtus var kiusianus1.jpg | Amorphophallus hirtus N.E.Br. | 1903 | Taiwan |
| Amorphophallus interruptus Engl. & Gehrm. | 1911 | northern Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus josefbogneri Hett. | 2006 | SW. Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus kiusianus (Makino) Makino | 1913 | SE. China, Japan (Shikoku, S. Kyushu) to Taiwan | |
| Amorphophallus konkanensis Hett., S.R.Yadav & K.S.Patil | 1994 | India | |
| Amorphophallus lanuginosus Hett. | 1994 | Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus laoticus Hett. | 2006 | Laos | |
| Amorphophallus linearis Gagnep. | 1941 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus longicomus Hett. & Serebryanyi | 2001 | Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus longiconnectivus Bogner | 1995 | India (Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra) | |
| Amorphophallus lunatus Hett. & Sizemore | 2006 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus macrorhizus Craib | 1912 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus margaritifer (Roxb.) KunthScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1837 | Assam, Bangladesh, East Himalaya, India, Myanmar | |
| Amorphophallus mirabilis K.Z.Hein, Naive, Serebryanyi & Hett. | 2023 | Myanmar | |
| Amorphophallus muelleri BlumeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1837 | Assam, Borneo, Jawa, Lesser Sunda Is., Myanmar, Sumatera, Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus mysorensis E.Barnes & C.E.C.Fisch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1940 | India | |
| Amorphophallus napiger Gagnep.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1941 | Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus natolii Hett., Wistuba, V.B.Amoroso, Medecilo & ClaudelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2012 | Philippines | |
| Amorphophallus ochroleucus Hett. & V.D.NguyenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2001 | Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus oncophyllus Prain ex Hook.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1893 | Andaman Islands (Coco Islands) | |
| Amorphophallus operculatus Hett. & SizemoreScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2003 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus pilosus Hett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1994 | Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus prolificus Hett. & A.GallowayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2006 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus putii Gagnep.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1941 | Myanmar, Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus pygmaeus Hett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1994 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus reflexus Hett. & A.GallowayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2006 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus sakonnakhonensis Chatan & PrompromScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2023 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus saururus Hett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2001 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus shyamsalilianum J.V. Gadpayale, S.R. Somkuwar & A.A. ChaturvediScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2017 | India | |
| Amorphophallus sinuatus Hett. & V.D.NguyenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2003 | Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus sizemoreae Hett.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2001 | Thailand | |
| File:Amorphophallus Sylvaticus 01.JPG | Amorphophallus sylvaticus (Roxb.) KunthScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1841 | India, Sri Lanka |
| Amorphophallus symonianus Hett. & SizemoreScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2001 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus synandrifer Hett. & V.D.NguyenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2001 | Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus thaiensis (S.Y.Hu) Hett. | 2012 | northern Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus tonkinensis Engl. & Gehrm. | 1911 | Yunnan, northern Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus tuberculatus Hett. & V.D.NguyenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2006 | Vietnam | |
| Amorphophallus vogelianus Hett. & BillensteinerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2003 | Thailand | |
| Amorphophallus xiei H.Li & Z.L.DaoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2006 | China (W. Yunnan) | |
| Amorphophallus yuloensis H.LiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1998 | China (Yunnan), Myanmar | |
| File:Amorphophallus yunnanensis - Lyman Plant House, Smith College - DSC02079.jpg | Amorphophallus yunnanensis Engl. (Kerri's giant arum) |
1911 | China, Laos, northern Thailand and Vietnam |
_002.jpg){kind=link}
Subgenus Afrophallus Template:Au
| Image | Name | Year | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| File:Amorphophallus abyssinicus 125365639.jpg | Amorphophallus abyssinicus (A.Rich.) N.E.Br.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1901 | southern Ethiopia |
| Amorphophallus andranogidroensis Hett. & MangelsdorffScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2006 | Madagascar | |
| Amorphophallus angolensis (Welw. ex Schott) N.E.Br.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1901 | Angola, Cabinda, Gabon, Sudan, Zaïre | |
| Amorphophallus ankarana Hett., Ittenbach & BognerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1999 | Madagascar | |
| Amorphophallus antsingyensis Bogner, Hett. & IttenbachScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1999 | Madagascar | |
| Amorphophallus aphyllus (Hook.) Hutch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1936 | Burkina, Central African Repu, Chad, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo | |
| File:Amorphophallus barthlottii Ittenb. & Lobin, 1997 (Araceae) (24076088639).jpg | Amorphophallus barthlottii Ittenb. & LobinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1997 | Ivory Coast, Liberia |
| Amorphophallus baumannii (Engl.) N.E.Br.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1901 | Benin, Burkina, Central African Repu, Chad, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo | |
| Amorphophallus bequaertii De Wild.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1922 | Zaïre | |
| Amorphophallus calabaricus N.E.Br.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1901 | Benin, Cameroon, Kenya, Nigeria, Uganda, Zaïre | |
| Amorphophallus canaliculatus Ittenb., Hett. & LobinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1997 | Gabon | |
| Amorphophallus consimilis BlumeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1837 | Gambia, Senegal | |
| File:Amorphophallus dracontioides autour du complexe Pendjari.jpg | Amorphophallus dracontioides (Engl.) N.E.Br.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1901 | Benin, Burkina, Central African Repu, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Niger, Nigeria, Togo |
| Amorphophallus eichleri (Engl.) Hook.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1889 | Zaïre | |
| Amorphophallus elliottii Hook.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1894 | Sierra Leone | |
| Amorphophallus erythrorrhachis Hett., O. Pronk & R. Kaufmann Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2014 | Madagascar | |
| Amorphophallus gallaensis (Engl.) N.E.Br.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1901 | Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia | |
| Amorphophallus gomboczianus Pic.Serm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1950 | Ethiopia | |
| Amorphophallus goetzei (Engl.) N.E.Br.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1901 | Mozambique, Tanzania, Zaïre | |
| Amorphophallus gracilior Hutch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1939 | Benin, Nigeria | |
| Amorphophallus hetterscheidii Ittenb. & LobinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1997 | Central African Republic, Gabon, Zaïre | |
| Amorphophallus hildebrandtii (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1911 | Madagascar | |
| Amorphophallus impressus Ittenb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1997 | Malawi, Tanzania | |
| Amorphophallus johnsonii N.E.Br.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1901 | Benin, Burkina, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali | |
| Amorphophallus lewallei Malaisse & BampsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1993 | Burundi | |
| Amorphophallus mangelsdorffii BognerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2003 | Madagascar. | |
| Amorphophallus margretae Ittenb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1997 | Zaïre | |
| File:Amorphophallus maximus - giant spadix (6592579715).jpg | Amorphophallus maximus (Engl.) N.E.Br.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1901 | Kenya, Mozambique, Somalia, Tanzania, Zimbabwe |
| Amorphophallus mildbraedii K.KrauseScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1924 | Cameroon | |
| File:Amorphophallus mossambicensis.JPG | Amorphophallus mossambicensis (Schott ex Garcke) N.E.Br.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1901 | Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe |
| Amorphophallus mullendersii Malaisse & BampsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1993 | Angola, Zaïre | |
| Amorphophallus perrieri Hett. & WahlertScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2014 | Madagascar | |
| Amorphophallus preussii (Engl.) N.E.Br.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1901 | Cameroon | |
| Amorphophallus richardsiae Ittenb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1997 | Zambia | |
| Amorphophallus staudtii(Engl.) N.E.Br.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1901 | Cameroon, Congo | |
| Amorphophallus stuhlmannii (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1911 | Kenya, Tanzania, Zaïre | |
| Amorphophallus taurostigma Ittenb., Hett. & BognerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1999 | Madagascar | |
| Amorphophallus teuszii (Engl.) MottetScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1892 | Angola, Zaïre | |
| Amorphophallus zenkeri (Engl.) N.E.Br.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1901 | Cameroon, Gulf of Guinea Is., Nigeria |
_(24076088639).jpg){kind=link}
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Subgenus unplaced
- Amorphophallus gliruroides Engl. – Myanmar
- Amorphophallus incurvatus Alderw. – Sumatra
- Amorphophallus lyratus (Roxb.) Kunth – SE India
- Amorphophallus mekongensis Engl. & Gehrm. – Indochina
- Amorphophallus paucisectus Alderw. – Sumatra
- Amorphophallus perakensis Engl. – Peninsula Malaysia
References
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- ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
- ↑ Sedayu, A., C. M. Eurlings, Gravendeel, B., & Hetterscheid, W. (2010). Morphological character evolution of Amorphophallus (Araceae) based on a combined phylogenetic analysis of trnL, rbcL and LEAFY second intron sequences. Botanical Studies, 51, 473–490.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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Bibliography
- Hetterscheid, W.L.A. 1994. Preliminary taxonomy and morphology of Amorphophallus Blume ex Decaisne (Araceae). In: M.M. Serebreyanyi (ed.), Proc. Moscow Aroid Conference 1992: 35-48. Moscow.
- Hetterscheid, W.L.A. & G.J.C.M. v. Vliet, 1996. Amorphophallus, giant from the forest. CITES/C&M, 2(4): 86-96.
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
External links
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- List of Amorphophallus species with photos from the International Aroid Society
- CATE genus pageTemplate:Category handler[<span title="Script error: No such module "string".">usurped]Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Amorphophallus in Brunken, U., Schmidt, M., Dressler, S., Janssen, T., Thiombiano, A. & Zizka, G. 2008. West African plants – A Photo Guide. Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt/Main.
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