American Chess Congress

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Template:Short description The American Chess Congress was a series of chess tournaments held in the United States, a predecessor to the current U.S. Chess Championship. It had nine editions, the first played in October 1857 and the last in August 1923.

American Chess Congresses
# Year City Winner
1 1857 New York Template:Flagathlete
2 1871 Cleveland Template:Flagathlete
3 1874 Chicago Template:Flagathlete
4 1876 Philadelphia Template:Flagathlete
5 1880 New York Template:Flagathlete
6 1889 New York Template:Flagathlete
Template:Flagathlete
7 1904 St. Louis Template:Flagathlete
8 1921 Atlantic City Template:Flagathlete
9 1923 Lake Hopatcong Template:Flagathlete
Template:Flagathlete

First American Chess Congress (1857)

File:Chesscongress1857.jpg

The first American Chess Congress, organized by Daniel Willard Fiske and held in New York, October 6 to November 10, 1857, was won by Paul Morphy.[1] It was a knockout tournament in which draws did not count. The top sixteen American players were invited (William Allison, Samuel Robert Calthrop, Daniel Willard Fiske, William James Fuller, Hiram Kennicott, Hubert Knott, Theodor Lichtenhein, Napoleon Marache, Hardman Philips Montgomery, Alexander Beaufort Meek, Paul Morphy, Louis Paulsen, Frederick Perrin, Benjamin Raphael, Charles Henry Stanley, and James Thompson).[2][3] First prize was $300. Morphy refused any money, but accepted a silver service consisting of a pitcher, four goblets, and a tray. Morphy's prize was given to him by Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.

Shown on the right is lithograph of the First American Chess Congress 1857. All members of the Congress are shown, including those who did not play in the main tournament. Top row: Colonel Charles Mead (chairman), George Hammond, Frederic Perrin, Daniel Willard Fiske, Hiram Kennicott, and Hardman Philips Montgomery. Left column: Hubert Knott, Louis Paulsen, and William Allison. Bottom row: Theodore Lichtenhein, James Thompson, Charles Henry Stanley, Alexander Beaufort Meek, Samuel Robert Calthrop, and Napoleon Marache. Right column: William James Fuller, Paul Morphy, and Benjamin Raphael.

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Second American Chess Congress (1871)

The second American Chess Congress was held in Cleveland on December 4–15, 1871 and won by George Henry Mackenzie. The first prize was $100 (~$1,500 today) and the total prize fund was $290 (~$5,000 today). The entry fee was $10 ($150 today). It was a double round robin tournament with a time limit of 12 moves an hour. Draw games were replayed. There were nine players (George Henry Mackenzie, Henry Hosmer, Frederick Elder, Max Judd, Preston Ware, Harsen Darwin Smith, Henry Harding, A. Johnston, and William Houghton). With the retirement of Morphy, this tournament was generally intended to recognize the best player in the United States.

Player 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total wins
1 Template:Flagathlete Template:CNone 1½0 ½10 11 11 11 1½1 11 11 14
2 Template:Flagathlete 0½1 Template:CNone 11 1½1 00 01 11 11 11 12
3 Template:Flagathlete ½01 00 Template:CNone 01 ½½01 11 11 11 11 11
4 Template:Flagathlete 00 0½0 10 Template:CNone 11 10 ½11 ½11 11 10
5 Template:Flagathlete 00 11 ½½10 00 Template:CNone 01 10 11 11 9
6 Template:Flagathlete 00 10 00 01 10 Template:CNone 11 11 11 9
7 Template:Flagathlete 0½0 00 00 ½00 01 00 Template:CNone 01 11 4
8 Template:Flagathlete 00 00 00 ½00 00 00 10 Template:CNone 11 3
9 Template:Flagathlete 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 Template:CNone 0

Third American Chess Congress (1874)

The third American Chess Congress was held in Chicago on July 7–16, 1874 and won by Mackenzie. There were eight players (Mackenzie, Hosmer, Judd, Bock, Elder, Perrin, Congdon, and Kennicott) and they had to pay a $20 entry fee. first place prize was $225. The tournament was again round robin, but for the first time draws were not replayed. The time control was 15 moves per hour. Elder and Kennicott withdrew before completing half their games, but their scores still counted.

# Player 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total wins
1 Template:Flagathlete Template:CNone 10 1½ 11 -- 11 11 11 10½
2 Template:Flagathlete 01 Template:CNone 10 11 -- 11 11 11 10
3 Template:Flagathlete 0½ 01 Template:CNone 1½ -- 11 11 -- 7
4 Template:Flagathlete 00 00 0½ Template:CNone 1½ 11 1½ -- 5½
5 Template:Flagathlete -- -- -- 0½ Template:CNone 01 11 -- 3½
6 Template:Flagathlete 00 00 00 00 10 Template:CNone 10 -- 2
7 Template:Flagathlete 00 00 00 0½ 00 01 Template:CNone -- 1½
8 Template:Flagathlete 00 00 -- -- -- -- -- Template:CNone 0

Fourth American Chess Congress (1876)

The fourth American Chess Congress (called the American Centennial Championship) was held in Philadelphia on August 17–31, 1876 and won by James Mason. There were nine players (Mason, Judd, Davidson, Henry Bird, Elson, Roberts, Ware, Barbour, and Martinez). The entry fee was $20. First place was $300. Never intended to recognize the best player in America, this tournament was geared towards attracting foreign masters, and to awarding the Governor Garland Silver Cup, as well as celebrating the American Centennial.

Player 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total
1 Template:Flagathlete Template:CNone 1½ 10 1½ ½1 1½ 11 ½1 -- 10½
2 Template:Flagathlete 0½ Template:CNone 00 10 1½ 11 11 11 -- 9
3 Template:Flagathlete 01 11 Template:CNone ½0 0½ ½1 01 11 -- 8½
4 Template:Flagathlete 0½ 01 ½1 Template:CNone 0½ 11 ½1 ½1 -- 8½
5 Template:Flagathlete ½0 0½ 1½ 1½ Template:CNone ½½ 10 11 -- 8
6 Template:Flagathlete 0½ 00 ½0 00 ½½ Template:CNone 1½ 11 -- 5½
7 Template:Flagathlete 00 00 10 ½0 01 0½ Template:CNone ½½ -- 4
8 Template:Flagathlete ½0 00 00 ½0 00 00 ½½ Template:CNone -- 2
9 Template:Flagathlete 00 -- ½½ -- -- -- -- -- Template:CNone 1

Fifth American Chess Congress (1880)

The fifth American Chess Congress was held in New York on January 6–26, 1880 and won by Mackenzie (he beat James Grundy on tiebreak, 2–0). There were 10 players: Cohnfeld, Congdon, Eugene Delmar, Grundy, Judd, Mackenzie, Mohle, Ryan, Sellman, and Ware.

Player 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total
1 Template:Flagathlete Template:CNone 0½ 10 ½½ ½1 11 11 11 1½ 11 13½
2 Template:Flagathlete 1½ Template:CNone ½½ 10 1½ 11 1½ 01 11 11 13½
3 Template:Flagathlete 01 ½½ Template:CNone 0½ 1½ 10 11 11 11 11 13
4 Template:Flagathlete ½½ 01 1½ Template:CNone 10 1½ 11 0½ 11 11 12½
5 Template:Flagathlete ½0 0½ 0½ 01 Template:CNone ½1 11 11 01 11 11
6 Template:Flagathlete 00 00 01 0½ ½0 Template:CNone 11 11 ½1 11 9½
7 Template:Flagathlete 00 0½ 00 00 00 00 Template:CNone 11 01 11 5½
8 Template:Flagathlete 00 10 00 1½ 00 00 00 Template:CNone ½1 1½ 5½
9 Template:Flagathlete ½0 00 00 00 10 ½0 01 0½ Template:CNone 00 3½
10 Template:Flagathlete 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0½ 11 Template:CNone 2½

Sixth American Chess Congress (1889)

The sixth American Chess Congress was held in New York in 1889 (a 20-man double round-robin tournament; one of the longest tournaments in history). The event was won by Mikhail Chigorin and Max Weiss. Both finished with a score of 29 but Chigorin defeated Weiss in their individual game. The top American finisher was S. Lipschütz, who took sixth place (his supporters in the Eastern US tried to push his claim to being US Champion as a result of this tournament; however, Lipschütz's claim was not accepted by all). Under rules that reigning World Champion Wilhelm Steinitz helped to develop, the winner was to be regarded as World Champion for the time being, but must be prepared to face a challenge from the second- or third-placed competitor within a month.[4] Mikhail Chigorin and Max Weiss tied for first, and remained tied after drawing all four games of a playoff. Weiss was not interested in playing a championship match, but Isidor Gunsberg, the third-place finisher, exercised his right and challenged Chigorin to a World Championship match. In 1890, he drew a first-to-10-wins match against Chigorin (9-9 with five draws). These were the same terms (9-9 draw clause) as the first World Championship match between Steinitz and Zukertort in 1886. They were also the same match terms that Bobby Fischer would insist on for his title defense in 1975.

Player 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Total
1 Template:Flagathlete Template:CNone ½1 00 ½1 11 10 00 11 01 ½1 11 11 ½1 11 10 11 11 11 11 11 29
2 Template:Flagathlete ½0 Template:CNone ½1 10 ½½ ½1 1½ 11 11 11 10 ½½ ½1 10 11 11 ½1 11 11 11 29
3 Template:Flagathlete 11 ½0 Template:CNone 01 ½0 ½0 1½ 10 11 11 ½1 11 01 11 01 11 11 11 11 11 28½
4 Template:Flagathlete ½0 01 10 Template:CNone 01 10 10 01 11 10 11 11 11 11 11 10 11 ½1 11 10 27
5 Template:Flagathlete 00 ½½ ½1 10 Template:CNone 1½ 00 11 11 10 11 11 01 00 11 01 11 11 11 11 26
6 Template:Flagathlete 01 ½0 ½1 01 0½ Template:CNone ½1 00 11 ½1 10 ½0 ½1 11 11 11 10 11 11 11 25½
7 Template:Flagathlete 11 0½ 0½ 01 11 ½0 Template:CNone ½0 00 11 ½0 10 01 01 ½1 1½ ½1 ½½ 11 11 22
8 Template:Flagathlete 00 00 01 10 00 11 ½1 Template:CNone 10 11 01 00 11 00 ½1 ½0 10 ½1 11 11 20
9 Template:Flagathlete 10 00 00 00 00 00 11 01 Template:CNone ½0 10 11 0½ 10 01 11 10 11 11 01 18
10 Template:Flagathlete ½0 00 00 01 01 ½0 00 00 ½1 Template:CNone ½1 10 10 10 11 ½0 01 ½1 11 11 18
11 Template:Flagathlete 00 01 ½0 00 00 01 ½1 10 01 ½0 Template:CNone 01 ½1 ½1 01 11 00 00 11 11 17½
12 Template:Flagathlete 00 ½½ 00 00 00 ½1 01 11 00 01 10 Template:CNone ½0 11 ½1 11 00 10 ½0 11 17
13 Template:Flagathlete ½0 ½0 10 00 10 ½0 10 00 1½ 01 ½0 ½1 Template:CNone 01 00 0½ ½1 10 11 11 17
14 Template:Flagathlete 00 01 00 00 11 00 10 11 01 01 ½0 00 10 Template:CNone 10 00 01 11 10 ½1 16
15 Template:Flagathlete 01 00 10 00 00 00 ½0 ½0 10 00 10 ½0 11 01 Template:CNone ½1 1½ 00 ½1 11 15
16 Template:Flagathlete 00 00 00 01 10 00 0½ ½1 00 ½1 00 00 1½ 11 ½0 Template:CNone 10 01 0½ 11 14
17 Template:Flagathlete 00 ½0 00 00 00 01 ½0 01 01 10 11 11 ½0 10 0½ 01 Template:CNone 00 1½ 00 13½
18 Template:Flagathlete 00 00 00 ½0 00 00 ½½ ½0 00 ½0 11 01 01 00 11 10 11 Template:CNone 01 01 13½
19 Template:Flagathlete 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ½1 00 01 ½0 1½ 0½ 10 Template:CNone 10 7
20 Template:Flagathlete 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 10 00 00 00 00 ½0 00 00 11 10 01 Template:CNone 6½

Seventh American Chess Congress (1904)

File:STL Republic 19041023.jpg
Group photo from the 1904 tournament

The seventh American Chess Congress was held in St. Louis in 1904. With US Champion Harry Nelson Pillsbury ill and dying, Max Judd tried to arrange the seventh ACC, with the stipulation that the US title be awarded to the winner. Judd disputed Pillsbury's ownership of the title by challenging the legitimacy of the whole succession since the time of Mackenzie, disputing Lipschutz's claim to have acquired the title at New York 1889, and everything that had happened since then. Pillsbury, from bed objected to Judd's plans, and prevailed on his friend, the lawyer Walter Penn Shipley, to intercede. Judd's tournament was held anyway, and said to be for "The United States Tourney Championship", a title explicitly said to have no relation to the United States Championship title held by Pillsbury. The tournament was won by Frank James Marshall, ahead of Judd. There were 10 players: Louis Eisenberg, Charles Jaffe, Judd, Kemeny, Marshall, Stasch Mlotkowski, Edward F. Schrader, Eugene Wesley Schrader, Schwietzer, and Louis Uedemann. The winner was actually named U.S. Champion at the conclusion of this tournament.

Player 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Total
1 Template:Flagathlete Template:CNone 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ½ 1 8½
2 Template:Flagathlete 0 Template:CNone 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7
3 Template:Flagathlete 0 1 Template:CNone 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 6
4 Template:Flagathlete 0 0 0 Template:CNone 1 1 1 0 1 1 5
5 Template:Flagathlete 0 0 0 0 Template:CNone ½ 1 1 1 1 4½
6 Template:Flagathlete 0 0 0 0 ½ Template:CNone 1 1 1 1 4½
7 Template:Flagathlete 0 0 1 0 0 0 Template:CNone 1 1 1 4
8 Template:Flagathlete 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 Template:CNone 0 1 3
9 Template:Flagathlete ½ 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Template:CNone 1 2½
10 Template:Flagathlete 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Template:CNone 0

Eighth American Chess Congress (1921)

The eighth American Chess Congress was held in Atlantic City in 1921. The event was won by Dawid Janowski, followed by Norman Whitaker, Jaffe, etc. There were 12 players: Samuel Factor, Hago, Harvey, Jackson, Jaffe, Janowski, Marshall, Mlotkowski, Sharp, Vladimir Sournin, Isador Turover, and Whitaker.[5][6]

Player 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 Total
1 Template:Flagathlete Template:CNone 0 1 ½ ½ 1 ½ 1 1 1 1 1 8½
2 Template:Flagathlete 1 Template:CNone 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 8
3 Template:Flagathlete 0 1 Template:CNone 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 7
4 Template:Flagathlete ½ 0 0 Template:CNone ½ ½ 1 ½ 1 ½ 1 1 6½
5 Template:Flagathlete ½ 0 0 ½ Template:CNone ½ 0 1 ½ 1 1 1 6
6 Template:Flagathlete 0 0 1 ½ ½ Template:CNone 1 0 ½ ½ 1 1 6
7 Template:Flagathlete ½ 1 1 0 1 0 Template:CNone 0 ½ ½ 1 ½ 6
8 Template:Flagathlete 0 0 0 ½ 0 1 1 Template:CNone ½ ½ 1 1 5½
9 Template:Flagathlete 0 1 0 0 ½ ½ ½ ½ Template:CNone 1 1 ½ 5½
10 Template:Flagathlete 0 0 1 ½ 0 ½ ½ ½ 0 Template:CNone 1 1 5
11 Template:Flagathlete 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Template:CNone 1 1
12 Template:Flagathlete 0 0 0 0 0 0 ½ 0 ½ 0 0 Template:CNone 1

Ninth American Chess Congress (1923)

The ninth and last American Chess Congress was held in Hotel Alamac in Lake Hopatcong, New Jersey on August 6–21, 1923. The tournament was played between 14 players: Horace Bigelow, Roy Turnbull Black, Oscar Chajes, Albert Hodges, Dawid Janowski, Abraham Kupchik, Edward Lasker, Frank James Marshall, John Stuart Morrison, Marvin Palmer, Anthony Santasiere, Morris Schapiro, Vladimir Sournin, and Oscar Tenner. It ended with a tie between Marshall and Kupchik scoring 10½ out of 13.[7][8][9]

Player 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 Total
1 Template:Flagathlete Template:CNone 1 ½ 1 ½ 1 1 1 1 ½ ½ 1 ½ 1 10½
2 Template:Flagathlete 0 Template:CNone 1 0 1 ½ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10½
3 Template:Flagathlete ½ 0 Template:CNone 1 ½ ½ 1 1 1 1 1 1 ½ 1 10
4 Template:Flagathlete 0 1 0 Template:CNone ½ 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 ½ 1 9
5 Template:Flagathlete ½ 0 ½ ½ Template:CNone 1 0 ½ 1 ½ 1 1 1 1 8½
6 Template:Flagathlete 0 ½ ½ 0 0 Template:CNone 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 7
7 Template:Flagathlete 0 0 0 0 1 0 Template:CNone 1 ½ 1 1 0 1 1 6½
8 Template:Flagathlete 0 0 0 0 ½ 1 0 Template:CNone 1 1 0 1 1 1 6½
9 Template:Flagathlete 0 0 0 1 0 0 ½ 0 Template:CNone 1 1 1 ½ ½ 5½
10 Template:Flagathlete ½ 0 0 0 ½ 1 0 0 0 Template:CNone ½ ½ 1 1 5
11 Template:Flagathlete ½ 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 ½ Template:CNone ½ 1 ½ 4
12 Template:Flagathlete 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 ½ ½ Template:CNone 1 0 3
13 Template:Flagathlete ½ 0 ½ ½ 0 0 0 0 ½ 0 0 0 Template:CNone ½ 2½
14 Template:Flagathlete 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ½ 0 ½ 1 ½ Template:CNone 2½

See also

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ newyork1857.doc Template:Webarchive
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Based on Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ "Captain Vladimir Sournin: A Russian Chess Player's Exploits in America" by Olimpiu G. Urcan
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Lake Hopatcong, 1923

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Further reading

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  • Brownson, O. A. Jr (1872), Template:Trim The Book of the Second American Chess Congress Held at Cleveland, Ohio, Dubuque, Iowa
  • Office of the American Chess Journal (1876) The Third American Chess Congress Held at Chicago, Ill., 1874, Hannibal, Missouri.
  • Sayen, Henry W. (1876), The Grand International Centennial Chess Congress, held in Philadelphia in August, 1876, Philadelphia
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  • Gilberg, Charles A (1881), Template:Trim The Fifth American Chess Congress, New York
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Template:Chess tournaments

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