Althaea officinalis

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File:Althea officinalis flor.jpg
Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis)

Althaea officinalis, the marsh mallow[1] or marshmallow,[2] is a species of flowering plant indigenous to Europe, Western Asia and North Africa, which is used in herbalism and as an ornamental plant.

Description

This herbaceous perennial grows to Script error: No such module "convert". tall and puts out only a few lateral branches. The whole plant is softly stellate-hairy, especially the leaves, which are broadly triangular to oval, often with 3–5 shallow lobes, irregularly toothed, with cordate to cuneate bases. Leaf size varies considerably, up to Script error: No such module "convert". long, and Script error: No such module "convert". wide. The leaves are arranged alternately along the stem, with no stipules, on petioles up to Script error: No such module "convert"..[3][4]

The inflorescences occur in the leaf axils and at the top of the stem and consist of panicles of 1-many flowers. The flowers are actinomorphic with 5 lilac/pink petals up to Template:Cvt long and 5 green sepals which are much shorter than the petals, and fused at the base. Below the petals is a cup-shaped epicalyx with 6–9 narrow, triangular lobes, half the length of the sepals. The purple stamens are united into a tube, the anthers kidney-shaped and one-celled. There is one style which protrudes above the stamen tube.[5][6]

The flowers are in bloom during August and September, and are followed, as in other species of this order, by the flat, round fruit which are popularly called "cheeses". The whole fruit is a schizocarp, about Template:Cvt in diameter, which splits into about 20 kidney-shaped mericarps (seeds) about Template:Cvt long.[5]

The common mallow is frequently called "marsh mallow" in colloquial terms, but the true marsh mallow is distinguished from all the other mallows growing in Great Britain by the numerous divisions of the outer calyx (six to nine cleft), by the hoary down which thickly clothes the stems and foliage, and by the numerous panicles of blush-coloured flowers, paler than the common mallow. The roots are perennial, thick, long and tapering, very tough and pliant, whitish yellow outside, white and fibrous within.

Phytochemicals

Chemical constituents include altheahexacosanyl lactone (n-hexacos-2-enyl-1,5-olide), 2β-hydroxycalamene (altheacalamene) and altheacoumarin glucoside (5,6-dihydroxycoumarin-5-dodecanoate-6β-D-glucopyranoside), along with the known phytoconstituents lauric acid, β-sitosterol and lanosterol.[7]

Uses

Ornamental

Marshmallows are used in gardening as ornamental plants.

Herbal medicine

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Marshmallow roots

The leaves, flowers and the root of A. officinalis (marshmallow) have been used in traditional herbal medicine. This use is reflected in the name of the genus, which comes from the Greek word Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".), meaning "to heal".[8][9][10] The Latin specific epithet officinalis indicates plants with some culinary or medicinal value.[11]

Marshmallow is traditionally used as relief for irritation of mucous membranes,[12] including use as a gargle for mouth and throat ulcers and gastric ulcers.[13][14]

Culinary

The young leaves can be cooked. The flower buds can be pickled.[15] When boiled first and fried with onions and butter, the roots are said to form a palatable dish.[16] The roots can also be peeled, sliced, boiled and sweetened to make candy. Water used to boil any part of the plant can be used as an egg white substitute.[15]

Historically, most of the mallows have been used as food, being mentioned by early classic writers. Mallow was a vegetable among the Romans; a dish of marshmallow was one of their delicacies. Prospero Alpini stated in 1592 that a plant of the mallow kind was eaten by the Egyptians.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Many of the poorer inhabitants of Syria subsisted for weeks on herbs, of which marshmallow is one of the most common.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". In times of scarcity consequent upon the failure of the crops, this plant, which grows in Syria in great abundance, is collected heavily as a foodstuff.

Botanical gallery

References

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  16. ↑ Grieve. A Modern Herbal. Penguin 1984 Template:ISBNScript error: No such module "Unsubst".

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Further reading

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External links

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Template:Medicinal herbs & fungi Template:Taxonbar

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