Alternanthera
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Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox
Alternanthera is a genus of flowering plants in the family Amaranthaceae. It is a widespread genus with most species occurring in the tropical Americas,[1][2] and others in Asia, Africa, and Australia.[2] Plants of the genus may be known generally as joyweeds, or Joseph's coat.[3] Several species are notorious noxious weeds.[4]
Description
These are annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs. While some of the better-known species are aquatic plants, most are terrestrial.[4] They take many forms, from prostrate to erect to floating. The leaves are oppositely arranged. The inflorescence is a spike or a rounded head occurring in the leaf axils or the ends of branches. The flowers have 5 tepals. There are 3 to 5 stamens which are fused into a rim at the bases, and 5 pseudostaminodes, appendages between the stamens that are not true staminodes. The fruit is a utricle containing one seed.[2]
The genus Alternanthera contains both terrestrial and aquatic species. The photosynthetic pathway varies in this genus: Some species undergo C3 carbon fixation, one clade of 17 species has acquired the C4 pathway, and yet other species have an intermediate C3-C4 pathway.[5][1][6]
Species
It is not yet clear how many species belong in the genus. Estimates range between 80 and 200.[1][2][4][3][7] Plants of the World Online accepts 106 species.[8]
As of April 2024, Plants of the World Online accepts the following species:[8] Template:Div col
- Alternanthera albida (Moq.) Griseb.
- Alternanthera albosquarrosa Suess.
- Alternanthera albotomentosa Suess.
- Alternanthera altacruzensis Suess.
- Alternanthera angustifolia R.Br. – narrow-leaf joyweed
- Alternanthera aquatica (D.Parodi) Chodat – Hassler's alternanthera
- Alternanthera arequipensis Suess.
- Alternanthera areschougii R.E.Fr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera axillaris (Willd.) DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera bahiensis PedersenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera bettzickiana (Regel) G.NicholsonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – calico-plant
- Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze – Brazilian joyweed, ruby leaf
- Alternanthera brasiliana var. villosa (Moq.) KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (synonym Alternanthera dentata Stuchlík ex R.E.Fr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".) – little ruby
- Alternanthera calcicola Standl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera cana Suess.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera canescens KunthScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera caracasana Kunth – mat chaff-flower, washerwoman
- Alternanthera cinerella Suess.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera collina PedersenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera congesta Suess. & O.StützerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera cordobensis (Standl.) Standl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera corymbiformis EliassonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera costaricensis KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera crassifolia (Standl.) AlainScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera decurrens J.C.SiqueiraScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera dendrotricha C.C.Towns.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera denticulata R.Br.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – lesser joyweed
- Alternanthera dominii SchinzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera ebracteolata Sindhu Arya & V.S.A.KumarScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera echinocephala (Hook.f.) Christoph. – spiny-headed chaff flower,[9] sea-urchin joyweed
- Alternanthera fasciculata Suess.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera fastigiata Suess.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) P.Beauv.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – parrot leaf
- Alternanthera filifolia (Hook.f.) J.T.Howell
- Alternanthera flava (L.) MearsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera flavescens KunthScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – yellow joyweed
- Alternanthera flavicoma (Andersson) J.T.HowellScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera flavida Suess.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera flosculosa J.T.HowellScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera galapagensis (A.Stewart) J.T.HowellScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera geniculata Urb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera glaziovii R.E.Fr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera grandis EliassonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera halimifolia (Lam.) Standl. ex PittierScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – West Indian joyweed
- Alternanthera helleri (B.L.Rob.) J.T.Howell
- Alternanthera herniarioides Beurl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera hirtula (Mart.) R.E.Fr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera inaccessa PedersenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera indica Sindhu Arya, V.S.A.Kumar, Sánch.Pino & IamonicoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera ingramiana (Standl.) SchinzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera jacquinii (Schrad.) AlainScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera januarensis J.C.SiqueiraScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera kanhae Vanzara, Katara & NagarScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera kurtzii Schinz ex PedersenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera laguroides (Standl.) Standl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera lanceolata (Benth.) SchinzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera laxa Suess.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera littoralis P.Beauv. – seaside joyweed
- Alternanthera lupulina KunthScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera macbridei Standl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera martii (Moq.) R.E.Fr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera micrantha R.E.Fr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera microphylla R.E.Fr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera minutiflora (Seub.) Suess.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera mollendoana Suess.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera multicaulis (Mart.) KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera nahui Heenan & de LangeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera nesiotes I.M.Johnst.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera nodiflora R.Br.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – common joyweed
- Alternanthera obovata (M.Martens & Galeotti) Millsp.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera olivacea (Urb.) Urb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera panamensis (Standl.) Standl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera paronichyoides A.St.-Hil. – smooth joyweed
- Alternanthera pennelliana Mears ex PedersenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera peruviana (Moq.) Suess.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera philippo-coburgii (Zahlbr. ex Wawra) Suess.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. – alligator weed
- Alternanthera porrigens (Jacq.) KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera praelonga A.St.-Hil.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera puberula (Mart.) D.Dietr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera pubiflora (Benth.) KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera pulchella KunthScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera pulverulenta Moq.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera pumila O.StützerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera pungens KunthScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera pycnantha (Benth.) Standl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera raimondii Suess.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera regelii (Seub.) SchinzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera reineckii Briq.
- Alternanthera robinsonii Suess.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera rufa (Mart.) D.Dietr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera rugulosa (B.L.Rob.) J.T.HowellScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera serpens PedersenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera serpyllifolia (Poir.) Urb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. – rabbit-meat, sessile joyweed, downy joyweed, hairy joyweed
- Alternanthera snodgrassii (B.L.Rob.) J.T.HowellScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera spinosa (Hornem.) Schult.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera stellata (S.Watson) Uline & W.L.BrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera stenophylla (Standl.) Standl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera suessenguthii CovasScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera tetramera R.E.Fr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera tomentosa (Moq.) SchinzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera tubulosa Suess.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera vestita (Andersson) J.T.HowellScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Alternanthera villosa KunthScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Formerly placed here
- Gomphrena subscaposa (Hook.f.) T.Ortuño & BorschScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Alternanthera subscaposa Hook.fScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
Ecology
Many species have been reported as noxious weeds, including A. angustifolia, A. caracasana, A. denticulata, A. nana, A. nodiflora, A. paronychioides, A. philoxeroides, A. sessilis, A. tenella, and A. triandra.[4] The most important species is alligator weed (A. philoxeroides), a South American aquatic plant that has spread to other continents.[4] It is a weed of many kinds of agricultural crops, it is an invasive species that degrades native habitat, and its dense mats of vegetation clog waterways, slowing shipping and increasing flooding.[4] Alternanthera plants are known to produce allelopathic compounds that injure other plants, including crops.[4]
Biological pest control agents now in use to reduce alligator weed infestations include the alligator weed flea beetle (Agasicles hygrophila), the alligator weed thrips (Amynothrips andersoni), and the alligator weed stem borer (Arcola malloi).[4]
Uses
A. philoxeroides and A. sessilis are eaten as vegetables in parts of Asia.[4]
Some Alternanthera are used as ornamental plants.[4]
References
Template:Sister project Template:Reflist
Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control
- ↑ a b c Sánchez-Del Pino, I., et al. (2012). Molecular phylogenetics of Alternanthera (Gomphrenoideae, Amaranthaceae): resolving a complex taxonomic history caused by different interpretations of morphological characters in a lineage with C4 and C3–C4 intermediate species. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 169(3), 493-517.
- ↑ a b c d Alternanthera. Flora of North America.
- ↑ a b Alternanthera. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Tanveer, A., et al. (2013). A review on genus Alternanthera weeds implications. Template:Webarchive Pak. J. Weed Sci. Res 19(1), 53-58.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1". Template:Open access
- ↑ Chinthapalli, B., et al. (2001). Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase purified from leaves of C3, C4, and C3-C4 intermediate species of Alternanthera: Properties at limiting and saturating bicarbonate. Photosynthetica 38(3), 415-19.
- ↑ GRIN Species Records of Alternanthera. Template:Webarchive Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
- ↑ a b Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedpowo - ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1"., p. 144