Allied Command Europe Highband

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

File:Radio Relay Station Former USAF microwave relay station ACE-High system at Lefkada, Greece, photo 6.JPG
Billboard type troposcatter antennas
File:Abandoned Tropospheric Scatter Dishes - geograph.org.uk - 150323.jpg
Troposcatter dish array formerly at RAF Stenigot
File:Tropo Scatter Microwave System Antenna.jpg
Dish type microwave antennas for mobile troposcatter communication

Allied Command Europe Highband, better known as ACE High, was a fixed service NATO radiocommunication and early warning system dating back to 1956. After extensive testing ACE High was accepted by NATO to become operational in 1964/1965.

The frequency supportability and frequency assignments were provided in accordance with the NATO Joint Civil/Military Frequency Agreement (NJFA). The system was designed to be a combined UHF troposcatter/microwave radio system, providing long-range communications in the form of telephone, telegraph and data traffic in the NATO chain of command.[1]

Its combined services produced over 200 channels and equipment was in place to multiplex them to contain up to 12 different calls each. There used to be 49 troposcatter links augmented by 40 line-of-sight Microwave terrestrial stations, located in nine different NATO countries from northern Norway through central Europe to eastern Turkey. The transmitters broadcast at 832.56 - 959.28 MHz producing an average transmitting power of 10 kilowatts.[2]

History

NATO was established in 1949 with a supreme command (SHAPE) near Versailles, France, and the regional headquarters (RHQ) Allied Forces Northern Europe (AFNORTH) at Kolsås, Norway (responsible for Denmark, Norway and the UK), Allied Forces Central Europe (AFCENT) at Laffaux, France (responsible for Belgium, France, Germany and the Netherlands) and Allied Forces Southern Europe (AFSOUTH) at Naples, Italy (responsible for Italy, Greece and Turkey). Supreme command, the three RHQ's and all subordinate units used various communication systems to establish contact: high frequency radio networks, VHF transmitters and civil or military landlines. All systems had their weakness in equipment reliability, maximum amount of data transferred, encryption possibilities and unauthorized data interception. So in the early 1950s, there existed an urgent need for a reliable, foolproof, long distance European communication network.

US developed tropospheric diffusion techniques, integrated in a new military communications network, appeared to be the solution and in 1956 STC, a planning, design, engineering and installation company was ordered to develop a new integrated communications network in Europe. This network consisted of a number of "backbone" stations covering a Script error: No such module "convert". path from northern Norway to southern Turkey and was initially called the "Over the Horizon Troposperic scatter Communications Net," but was renamed "Allied Command Europe - Highband" (ACE-High). The network was kept operational until the 1990s when all frequency allocations had to be released to civilian authorities.

After all components were installed at their locations by Marconi Electronic Systems, UK in 1961, (from 1968, part of General Electric Company) the ACE-High system was officially transferred to NATO.

In 1966, France, under president Charles de Gaulle, withdrew from NATO integrated military structure (not from the Alliance itself) and systems had to be rerouted from France to Brunssum, Netherlands while the former Primary Control Center at Beauvais, was relocated to Lamersdorf, West-Germany.

In the early 1970s, the first geostationary satellites in the "Satellite Communication" network (SATCOM) were activated, thus expanding the ACE-High system.

The rise of the military SATCOM I-III (1971–1994), SATCOM IV (1995-now) network satellites, Internet routers, and the Central Region Integrated Communication System (CRICS) and the Crisis Response Operations in NATO Operating Systems (CRONOS) made ACE High obsolete. By the end of the 1980s, its replacement was already available but NATO postponed the ACE High phase-out until 1995.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

In 1995, the first British NATO SATCOM IV/B satellites were activated and because the ACE-High frequencies had to be released for civil TV and mobile phone usage, NATO decided to deactivate ACE-High in 1996, and the frequencies in the 800 MHz band became available for civilian use again.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

ACE High sites

Template:Side box The ACE High network included the following major sites and terminals, but also connected Line of Sight (LOS) microwave links to other networks reaching C2 centres not listed here.[3]

AFNORTH-Norway
  • (NC- Senja) > NSEZ

Pos Script error: No such module "Coordinates". TX RX Equipment:1 Scatter Line + 2 Radio Line

  • (nca - Höggumpen) > NHGZ

Pos Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 502 m TX RX Equipment:1 Radio Line

  • (ND- Bodö) > NKLZ

Pos Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 801 m TX RX Equipment:2 Scatter Line + 1 Radio Line

  • (nda - Bodoe Tail - Kletkov) > NVAZ Pos unbekannt

TX RX Equipment:1 Radio Line

  • (NE - Mosjöen) > NMOZ

Pos Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 627 m TX RX Equipment:2 Scatter Line

  • (NF - Trondheim) > NSBZ

Pos Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 677 m AMSL TX RX Equipment:2 Scatter Line + 1 Radio Line

  • (nfa - Trondheim Tail - Graakallen)

Pos Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 543 m AMSL TX RX Equipment:1 Radio Line

  • (NG - Oslo AAA) > NSOZ

Pos Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 246 m TX RX Equipment:2 Scatter Line + 1 Radio Line

  • (Oslo YYY - Svartas) > NVAZ

Pos Script error: No such module "Coordinates". TX RX Equipment:3 Radio Line

  • (nga - Oslo Tail 01 - Kolsaas) > NKOZ

Pos Script error: No such module "Coordinates". TX RX Equipment:1 Radio Line

  • (ngb - Oslo Tail 02 - Maakeroy) > NVEZ

Pos Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 14  m TX RX Equipment:1 Radio Line

  • (NH - Grimstad - Stormyrheia/hørte) > NSMZ

Pos Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 326 m TX Rx Equipment:3 Scatter Line

  • (NJ - Sola - Lysenut) > NLYZ

Pos Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 792 m TX RX Equipment:2 Scatter Line

AFNORTH-Denmark
  • (DA - Karup - Torphøj) > DTOZ

Pos Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 135  m TX RX Equipment:2 Scatter Line + 1 Radio Line

  • (daa - Karup Tail - Lundbakke) > DLUZ

Pos Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 68  m TX RX Equipment:1 Radio Line

AFNORTH-United Kingdom
  • (EAA - Faroes - Sandfelli 2)
  • (EA - Shetlands - Mossy Hill) > UMSZ - Mossy Hill > Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 227 m AMSL
  • (eab - Shetlands Tail Relay - Collofirth Hill) > UCOZ - Collafirth Hill > Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 239 m AMSL
  • (eac - Shetlands Tail - Saxa Vord) USVZ - Saxa Vord Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 276 m AMSL
  • (EB - Aberdeen - Mormond Hill) > UMOZ - Mormond Hill Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 227 m AMSL
  • (eba - Aberdeen Tail - Long Haven Hill) > UBUZ - Long Haven Hill Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 95 m AMSL
  • (EC - Boulmer - Brizlee Wood) > UBOZ - Brizlee Wood Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 250 m AMSL
  • (ED - Binbrook - Stenigot) > UBIZ - Stenigot Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 153 m AMSL
  • (EE - London - Coldblow Lane) > UMAZ - Coldblow Lane Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 194 m AMSL
  • (eeb - London Tail Relay - Woldingham - RAF Botley Hill Farm)
  • (eea - London tail - Hillingdon)
  • RAF Uxbridge – local terminus
AFCENT-France
  • (FAN - Paris - Mont Florentin) FFLZ - Paris North Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 222 m AMSL
  • FTAZ - Taverny Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 178 m AMSL
  • (fac - Paris Tail (2)- Sant Germain) Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 71 m AMSL
  • (fae - Paris Tail (2) - Extension (SHAPE) Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 178 m AMSL
  • (fa - Relais Paris - Emeville) FEMZ - Emeville Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 247 m AMSL
  • (faa - Paris Tail (1) - Laffaux) Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 143 m AMSL
  • (fad - Relay Paris - Rozoy Bellevalle) FRBZ - Rozoy Bellevalle Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 219 m AMSL
  • (FAS - Paris - Mont Aout) FAOZ - Paris South Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 216 m AMSL
  • (FA - Trier - Rohrbach) FROZ - Rohrbach Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 376 m AMSL
  • (fay - Trier Tail - Kindsbach) ABHZ - Kindsbach Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 458 m AMSL
  • (FC - Lyon - Pierre sur Haute) FLYZ - Lyon Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 1632 m AMSL
  • (FD - Nice - Signal de la Chens) FNIZ - Nice Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 1703 m AMSL
AFCENT-Netherlands
  • HBRZ - Brunssum Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 95 m AMSL TX equipment 1S + 1R
  • HMAZ - Maastricht Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 82 m AMSL TX equipment 1S +2R
AFCENT-Belgium
  • BADZ - Adinkerke
  • BCAZ - Casteau Supreme HQ Allied Powers Europe Pos Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 87 m AMSL TX Equipment 2S +2R
  • BCHZ - Chievres Pos Script error: No such module "Coordinates". TX Equipment 2S +2R
  • BFRZ - Baraque de Fraiture Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 654 m AMSL TX Equipment 3R
AFCENT-Germany
  • ABHZ - Kindsbach Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 458 m ü. NN
  • (AA - Emden - Aurich) AEMZ - Aurich Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 10 m ü. NN
  • (AB - Moenchengladbach - Roetgen) ALAZ -Lammersdorf Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 593 m ü. NN
  • (abb - Moenchengladbach Tail (1) - Hehn) AHEZ - Hehn Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 81 m ü. NN
  • (aba - Moenchengladbach Tail (2) - Millen) Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 151 m ü. NN
  • (abc - Uedem) AUEZ - Uedem Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 47 m ü. NN
  • AFEZ - Feldberg Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 1458 m ü. NN
AFSOUTH-Italy
  • IDGZ - Dosso dei Galli Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 2174 m AMSL
  • IVTZ - Verona Tail ( im West Star Bunker ) Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 334 m AMSL
  • (IA - Livorno - Monte Giogo) IMXZ - Livorno Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 1496 m AMSL
  • (IAZ - Cavriana - Monte Bosco Scuro) IMBZ - Cavriana Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 189 m AMSL
  • (iaa - Verona Torre 4) Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 164 m AMSL
  • (IAY - Lame - Cavanella) ICEZ - Lame Concordia Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 7 m AMSL
  • (iax - Aviano) IAVZ - Aviano Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 99 m AMSL
  • (IB - Rome - Tolfa) ITLZ - Rome Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 621 m AMSL
  • (iba - Rome Tail - Monte Cavo) IMCZ - Monte Cavo Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 930 m AMSL
  • (IC - Naples - Ischia - Punta Fetto) IICZ - Naples Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 639 m AMSL
  • (ica - Naples Tail - Monte Pecorara) IPEZ - Monte Petrino Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 335 m AMSL
  • (icy - Monte Vergine) IMNZ - Monte Nardello Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 1516 m AMSL
  • (icz - Monte Vulture) IVUZ - Monte Vulture Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 1301 m AMSL
  • (icv - Monte Iacontenente) IIAZ - Monte Iacontenente Script error: No such module "Coordinates".
  • (icf - Pietra Ficcata) IPFZ - Pietra Ficcata Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 586 m AMSL
  • (icw - Martina Franca) IAMZ - Martina Franca Script error: No such module "Coordinates".
  • (ID - Catanzaro - Monte Mancuso) IMMZ - Catanzaro Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 1319 m AMSL
  • (IDA - Monte Lauro - Cozzo tre Grotte) ICCZ - Monte Lauro Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 944 m AMSL
AFSOUTH-Malta
  • (idb - Malta - Gharghur) IDBZ - Malta - Gharghur
AFSOUTH-Greece
  • (GA - Kefallina) > GKFZ - Kefallonia Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 1001 m AMSL
  • (GB - Athens - Pendelikon) > GPKZ - Athens Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 1038 m AMSL
  • (GBZ - Crete - Ziros) > GZIZ - Ziros Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 786 m AMSL
  • (GBY - Larissa - Phillon) > GPIZ - Phillon Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 1513 m AMSL
  • (GBW - Vitsi) > GVIZ - Vitzi Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 2009 m AMSL
  • (GBV - Ismaros) > GISZ - Ismaros Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 612 m AMSL
AFSOUTH-Turkey
  • (TA - Izmir - Bespinar Tepes) > TBPZ - Izmir - Bespinar Tepes Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 964 m AMSL
  • (taa - Izmir Tail) > TKYZ - Izmir Tail
  • (TB - Eskisehir) > TKUZ - Eskishir - Kutahya Dagi Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 1820 m AMSL
  • (tba - Eskirsehir Tail) > TESZ - Eskirsehir Tail
  • (TC - Ankara) > TEDZ - Ankara - Elan Dagi Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 1856 m AMSL
  • (TCK - Merzifon) > TKJZ - Merzifon
  • (TCW - Persembe) > TPEZ - Persembe
  • (TCV - Pazar) > TPAZ - Pazar
  • (TD - Kayseri - Pinarbasi) > TPIZ - Pinarbasi Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 2285 m AMSL
  • (TG - Adana) > TDDZ - Davudi Dağı Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 515 m AMSL
  • (tga - Adana Tail) > TDAZ - Adana Tail
  • (TE - Dyarbakir - Karaka Dagi) > TDIZ - Dyarbakir - Karaka Dagi
  • (tea - Dyarbakir Tail) > TDEZ - Dyarbakir Tail
  • Bloatli, Turkey
AFSOUTH-Cyprus
  • (TCZ - Cap Greco) > JCGZ -Cavo Greko Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 62 m AMSL
Equipment used[4][5]

Initially, 60, 30 or 15 ft dish or planar antennas were used in combination with General Electric or RCA AN/MRC80 TRC24; AN/FRC-75 or 39 radio sets. Later replaced by newer Siemens & Halske EM 120/400 and 12/800 types. The type and beam angle of the antennas depended of the local site position and its distance to the next relay.

See also

References

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ http://archives.nato.int/uploads/r/nato-archives-online/0/7/8/0780e4a143f64cb3103978c2bcabc8cddcc409cce87a25584765d522d816a1c2/MCWM-077-66_ENG_PDP.pdf NATO UNCLAS Memorandum MCWM -77-66
  2. ↑ ACE HIGH. SCALE OF THE SYSTEM, Andy Emmerson, 2003 Subterranea Britannica:
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Communications-electronics Reference Data, Volume 24,#19
  5. ↑ Operator's, Organizational, Direct Support, General Support, and Depot Maintenance TM's 11-5820-203-15 and 11-5840-401-12

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

External links

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