Allied Command Europe Highband

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Template:Short description Template:More citations needed

File:Radio Relay Station Former USAF microwave relay station ACE-High system at Lefkada, Greece, photo 6.JPG
Billboard type troposcatter antennas
File:Abandoned Tropospheric Scatter Dishes - geograph.org.uk - 150323.jpg
Troposcatter dish array formerly at RAF Stenigot
File:Tropo Scatter Microwave System Antenna.jpg
Dish type microwave antennas for mobile troposcatter communication

Allied Command Europe Highband, better known as ACE High, was a fixed service NATO radiocommunication and early warning system dating back to 1956. After extensive testing ACE High was accepted by NATO to become operational in 1964/1965.

The frequency supportability and frequency assignments were provided in accordance with the NATO Joint Civil/Military Frequency Agreement (NJFA). The system was designed to be a combined UHF troposcatter/microwave radio system, providing long-range communications in the form of telephone, telegraph and data traffic in the NATO chain of command.[1]

Its combined services produced over 200 channels and equipment was in place to multiplex them to contain up to 12 different calls each. There used to be 49 troposcatter links augmented by 40 line-of-sight Microwave terrestrial stations, located in nine different NATO countries from northern Norway through central Europe to eastern Turkey. The transmitters broadcast at 832.56 - 959.28 MHz producing an average transmitting power of 10 kilowatts.[2]

History

NATO was established in 1949 with a supreme command (SHAPE) near Versailles, France, and the regional headquarters (RHQ) Allied Forces Northern Europe (AFNORTH) at Kolsås, Norway (responsible for Denmark, Norway and the UK), Allied Forces Central Europe (AFCENT) at Laffaux, France (responsible for Belgium, France, Germany and the Netherlands) and Allied Forces Southern Europe (AFSOUTH) at Naples, Italy (responsible for Italy, Greece and Turkey). Supreme command, the three RHQ's and all subordinate units used various communication systems to establish contact: high frequency radio networks, VHF transmitters and civil or military landlines. All systems had their weakness in equipment reliability, maximum amount of data transferred, encryption possibilities and unauthorized data interception. So in the early 1950s, there existed an urgent need for a reliable, foolproof, long distance European communication network.

US developed tropospheric diffusion techniques, integrated in a new military communications network, appeared to be the solution and in 1956 STC, a planning, design, engineering and installation company was ordered to develop a new integrated communications network in Europe. This network consisted of a number of "backbone" stations covering a Template:Convert path from northern Norway to southern Turkey and was initially called the "Over the Horizon Troposperic scatter Communications Net," but was renamed "Allied Command Europe - Highband" (ACE-High). The network was kept operational until the 1990s when all frequency allocations had to be released to civilian authorities.

After all components were installed at their locations by Marconi Electronic Systems, UK in 1961, (from 1968, part of General Electric Company) the ACE-High system was officially transferred to NATO.

In 1966, France, under president Charles de Gaulle, withdrew from NATO integrated military structure (not from the Alliance itself) and systems had to be rerouted from France to Brunssum, Netherlands while the former Primary Control Center at Beauvais, was relocated to Lamersdorf, West-Germany.

In the early 1970s, the first geostationary satellites in the "Satellite Communication" network (SATCOM) were activated, thus expanding the ACE-High system.

The rise of the military SATCOM I-III (1971–1994), SATCOM IV (1995-now) network satellites, Internet routers, and the Central Region Integrated Communication System (CRICS) and the Crisis Response Operations in NATO Operating Systems (CRONOS) made ACE High obsolete. By the end of the 1980s, its replacement was already available but NATO postponed the ACE High phase-out until 1995.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

In 1995, the first British NATO SATCOM IV/B satellites were activated and because the ACE-High frequencies had to be released for civil TV and mobile phone usage, NATO decided to deactivate ACE-High in 1996, and the frequencies in the 800 MHz band became available for civilian use again.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

ACE High sites

Template:GeoGroup The ACE High network included the following major sites and terminals, but also connected Line of Sight (LOS) microwave links to other networks reaching C2 centres not listed here.[3]

AFNORTH-Norway
  • (NC- Senja) > NSEZ

Pos Template:Coord TX RX Equipment:1 Scatter Line + 2 Radio Line

  • (nca - Höggumpen) > NHGZ

Pos Template:Coord 502 m TX RX Equipment:1 Radio Line

  • (ND- Bodö) > NKLZ

Pos Template:Coord 801 m TX RX Equipment:2 Scatter Line + 1 Radio Line

  • (nda - Bodoe Tail - Kletkov) > NVAZ Pos unbekannt

TX RX Equipment:1 Radio Line

  • (NE - Mosjöen) > NMOZ

Pos Template:Coord 627 m TX RX Equipment:2 Scatter Line

  • (NF - Trondheim) > NSBZ

Pos Template:Coord 677 m AMSL TX RX Equipment:2 Scatter Line + 1 Radio Line

  • (nfa - Trondheim Tail - Graakallen)

Pos Template:Coord 543 m AMSL TX RX Equipment:1 Radio Line

  • (NG - Oslo AAA) > NSOZ

Pos Template:Coord 246 m TX RX Equipment:2 Scatter Line + 1 Radio Line

  • (Oslo YYY - Svartas) > NVAZ

Pos Template:Coord TX RX Equipment:3 Radio Line

  • (nga - Oslo Tail 01 - Kolsaas) > NKOZ

Pos Template:Coord TX RX Equipment:1 Radio Line

  • (ngb - Oslo Tail 02 - Maakeroy) > NVEZ

Pos Template:Coord 14  m TX RX Equipment:1 Radio Line

  • (NH - Grimstad - Stormyrheia/hørte) > NSMZ

Pos Template:Coord 326 m TX Rx Equipment:3 Scatter Line

  • (NJ - Sola - Lysenut) > NLYZ

Pos Template:Coord 792 m TX RX Equipment:2 Scatter Line

AFNORTH-Denmark
  • (DA - Karup - Torphøj) > DTOZ

Pos Template:Coord 135  m TX RX Equipment:2 Scatter Line + 1 Radio Line

  • (daa - Karup Tail - Lundbakke) > DLUZ

Pos Template:Coord 68  m TX RX Equipment:1 Radio Line

AFNORTH-United Kingdom
AFCENT-France
AFCENT-Netherlands
AFCENT-Belgium
  • BADZ - Adinkerke
  • BCAZ - Casteau Supreme HQ Allied Powers Europe Pos Template:Coord 87 m AMSL TX Equipment 2S +2R
  • BCHZ - Chievres Pos Template:Coord TX Equipment 2S +2R
  • BFRZ - Baraque de Fraiture Template:Coord 654 m AMSL TX Equipment 3R
AFCENT-Germany
AFSOUTH-Italy
AFSOUTH-Malta
  • (idb - Malta - Gharghur) IDBZ - Malta - Gharghur
AFSOUTH-Greece
AFSOUTH-Turkey
  • (TA - Izmir - Bespinar Tepes) > TBPZ - Izmir - Bespinar Tepes Template:Coord 964 m AMSL
  • (taa - Izmir Tail) > TKYZ - Izmir Tail
  • (TB - Eskisehir) > TKUZ - Eskishir - Kutahya Dagi Template:Coord 1820 m AMSL
  • (tba - Eskirsehir Tail) > TESZ - Eskirsehir Tail
  • (TC - Ankara) > TEDZ - Ankara - Elan Dagi Template:Coord 1856 m AMSL
  • (TCK - Merzifon) > TKJZ - Merzifon
  • (TCW - Persembe) > TPEZ - Persembe
  • (TCV - Pazar) > TPAZ - Pazar
  • (TD - Kayseri - Pinarbasi) > TPIZ - Pinarbasi Template:Coord 2285 m AMSL
  • (TG - Adana) > TDDZ - Davudi Dağı Template:Coord 515 m AMSL
  • (tga - Adana Tail) > TDAZ - Adana Tail
  • (TE - Dyarbakir - Karaka Dagi) > TDIZ - Dyarbakir - Karaka Dagi
  • (tea - Dyarbakir Tail) > TDEZ - Dyarbakir Tail
  • Bloatli, Turkey
AFSOUTH-Cyprus
Equipment used[4][5]

Initially, 60, 30 or 15 ft dish or planar antennas were used in combination with General Electric or RCA AN/MRC80 TRC24; AN/FRC-75 or 39 radio sets. Later replaced by newer Siemens & Halske EM 120/400 and 12/800 types. The type and beam angle of the antennas depended of the local site position and its distance to the next relay.

See also

References

Template:Reflist

External links

  1. ↑ http://archives.nato.int/uploads/r/nato-archives-online/0/7/8/0780e4a143f64cb3103978c2bcabc8cddcc409cce87a25584765d522d816a1c2/MCWM-077-66_ENG_PDP.pdf NATO UNCLAS Memorandum MCWM -77-66
  2. ↑ ACE HIGH. SCALE OF THE SYSTEM, Andy Emmerson, 2003 Subterranea Britannica:
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Communications-electronics Reference Data, Volume 24,#19
  5. ↑ Operator's, Organizational, Direct Support, General Support, and Depot Maintenance TM's 11-5820-203-15 and 11-5840-401-12
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