Alfred Polizzi

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".Script error: No such module "Check for clobbered parameters".

Alfred Polizzi (born Alfonso Polizzi; Script error: No such module "IPA".; March 15, 1900 – May 26, 1975) was a Sicilian emigrant to the United States who was boss of the Cleveland crime family in Cleveland, Ohio, from 1935 to 1945. He stabilized the Cleveland crime family after a period of revenge killings, and was one of the most influential mobsters in the United States. He retired to Florida in 1945, where he was involved in the construction industry. He used several aliases, including "Big Al" and Albert Allen.

Early life

Alfonso Polizzi[1] was born in Siculiana, Sicily, Italy, on March 15, 1900, to Raimondo[2][3] and Giovannina (Template:Nee Indelicato) Polizzi.[2]Template:Sfn He emigrated from Italy to the United States with his family in 1909.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn His father, a blacksmith,[4] settled the family on Woodland Avenue in one of Cleveland's Italian enclaves.Template:Sfn He quit school at the age of 14 to sell newspapers on the street for the Cleveland News.Template:Sfn The News was in a major circulation war with The Plain Dealer and the Cleveland Press. The News hired 24-year-old Arthur B. McBride as its circulation manager, and McBride hired young toughs like Polizzi not only to hawk newspapers but to intimidate sellers of other papers.Template:Sfn In the summer of 1917, Polizzi worked as a lifeguard at Luna Park, where he met future mobster Fred Angersola.Template:Sfn

Alfred had three brothers, Joseph (b. 1893?-d. 1965),[3][5] Jasper (b. 1895?-d. 1957),[3][6][7] and James (b. 1910?-d. 1979),[3][7][8] and two sisters, Carmela (or Carmelina; b.1892?-d. 1963)[3][7][5][2] and Catherine (b. 1920-d. ?).[3][7][5]Template:Efn Joseph was also involved in mafia activity, although at a low level.[9]

Alfonso had an adopted brother, Charles "Chuck" Polizzi,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn also known as Albert Polizzi.Template:Sfn Chuck Polizzi was born Leo Berkowitz. His parents were Russian Jews who had emigrated to Cleveland but died soon after their son was born.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Historians Michael Newton and Hank Messick say Chuck was unofficially adopted by the Polizzis,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn but historian Albert Fried says the adoption was formalized.Template:Sfn Chuck Polizzi is often mistakenly called Alfred's brother; Alfred himself said he felt Chuck to be a cousin.Template:Sfn

Cleveland crime family

Mayfield Road Mob and Cleveland Syndicate

In his late teens, Polizzi became a member of the Mayfield Road Mob,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn an Italian American gang that had formed in Cleveland's Little Italy neighborhood.Template:Sfn As part of the Mayfield Road Mob, Polizzi became a close associate of mobsters Fred Angersola,Template:Sfn George Angersola, John Angersola,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Frank Brancato,Template:Sfn and Charles Colletti.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Polizzi quickly became gang leader Frank Milano's top lieutenant.Template:Sfn

Polizzi engaged in extortionTemplate:Sfn and robbery, bootlegging, and other crimes.Template:Sfn By the time he retired in 1945, he had been arrested seven times (four while using the alias "Albert Allen").[10] He was first arrested in 1920.Template:Sfn He was convicted of violating the Volstead Act in 1926; he served six months in prisonTemplate:Sfn and was fined $1,000 ($Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[". in Template:Inflation-year dollars).[11] He was arrested again in 1928 when Cleveland police suspected him of bombing the home of Nathan Weisenberg. Weisenberg ran a racket that controlled all the legal slot machines in the area, forcing customers to lease them at high prices and skimming part of the profits. The Mayfield Road Mob attempted to take over the business, and Polizzi and Colletti were believed to have placed the explosives at Weisenberg's home in September 1928.Template:Sfn[12]

During Prohibition, Polizzi sold bootleg alcohol in Detroit, Michigan, and became a close associate of Detroit mobster Moe Dalitz.Template:Sfn Dalitz, along with Maurice Kleinman, Louis Rothkopf, Sam Tucker, and Thomas "Blackjack" McGinty, was an original member of the Cleveland Syndicate, a group of Jewish and Irish mobsters based in Cleveland and Akron, who engaged in bootlegging and smuggling.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The Cleveland Syndicate preferred to give a cut of its profits to mobsters in other criminal organizations, who then did the actual work of bootlegging or running illegal gambling operations. John Angersola and Alfred Polizzi were the two members of the Cleveland crime family to do bootlegging for the Syndicate.Template:Sfn The Polizzi-run bootlegging operation moved large amounts of high-quality liquor into northeast Ohio and northwest Pennsylvania, generating substantial profits for Polizzi and the others involved.Template:Sfn

The Arrowhead Club (or Arrowhead Inn) was established near Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1926, and featured bootleg liquor and illegal gambling.[13] A few years later (probably no later than 1929), Polizzi became an investor in the Arrowhead Club along with other members of the Cleveland crime family and the Syndicate.Template:Sfn[14]

Role in the takeover by Frank Milano

By the early 1920s, the Cleveland mafia (or Cleveland crime family) had taken over the Mayfield Road Mob and become the dominant criminal organization in Cleveland.Template:Sfn It was led by boss Joseph "Big Joe" Lonardo,Template:Sfn and both Alfred and Chuck Polizzi sometimes acted as bodyguards for Lonardo and his family.Template:Sfn Lonardo was assassinated in June 1927 by Salvatore "Black Sam" Todaro and Joseph "Big Joe" Porrello.Template:Sfn Todaro was killed by Lonardo family in June 1929.[15]

Corn sugarTemplate:Efn was the key to the manufacture of corn whiskey. Corn whiskey was usually made with cornmeal or unground corn mixed with rye as the mash. Corn sugar could not only be substituted for grain as the mash ingredient but also permitted faster production of the final liquor.Template:Sfn Control of the corn sugar industry as well as the distribution of illegal liquor was critical to creating wealth, and the Porrellos produced and distributed most of the corn sugar in northeast Ohio. Frank Milano wanted the Porrellos' business, and in early 1930 invited Joseph Porrello and his top lieutenant, Sam Tilocco, to meet at Milano's Venetian Restaurant as 12601 Mayfield Road in Cleveland. Polizzi attended the meeting. It quickly became apparent to Porrello that Milano wanted to take over his business, not form a partnership. Porrello made a counter-proposal: That he be allowed to join the East End BiPartisan Political Club, an organization Milano had founded to put mafia money and organizational muscle behind preferred political candidates. Milano refused.Template:Sfn

In late June, Porrello established his own political club. On July 4, Polizzi telephoned Porrello and arranged a meeting for the following day at the Venetian Restaurant. Polizzi greeted Porrello and Tilocco as they arrived shortly before 2 PM on July 5.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn Also present were Milano and Mayfield Road mobsters John Angersola and Charles Colletti.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The six men played cards and discussed business.Template:Sfn Gunfire erupted, and both Porrello and Tilocco were killed.Template:Sfn

Milano and the Mayfield Road Mob were now in control of the Cleveland crime family.Template:Sfn Polizzi, who fled the scene of the crime,Template:Sfn was wanted by the police for questioning. By the time he turned himself in to the police at the end of July, the police declined to interview him. The investigation into the Porrello/Tilocco murder had turned up no clues, and the police had no questions to ask him.[16]

Cleveland police arrested Milano in March 1932 for being a "suspicious person". Police officials at the time suspected him of bootlegging and attempting to take over a number of different rackets in the area.[17] A court dismissed the charge, saying being "suspicious" is not enough to warrant arrest.[18]

Career under Milano

Along with John Angersola, Charles Colletti, and Anthony Milano, Alfred Polizzi was one of the top leaders of the Cleveland crime family under Milano's rule.Template:Sfn Police believed he ran more numbers rackets in the area than any other criminal,[11] and he became close to Cleveland mobsters John DeMarco and John T. Scalish.Template:Sfn Although the Cleveland crime family had a reputation for using murder as a way of dealing with threats, Polizzi came to favor bribery instead.Template:Sfn He spent many years attempting bribe officials into paroling Toledo, Ohio, gangster Thomas "Yonnie" Licavoli,Template:Sfn who was convicted of murder in 1934.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn

In December 1932, Polizzi and eight others from the Cleveland Syndicate and the Cleveland crime family formed Buckeye Enterprises Company.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn Buckeye Enterprises invested in a wide range of legal and illegal businesses, including the Thomas Club (a luxury casino in the Cleveland suburb of Maple Heights),Template:Sfn[19] the Continental Supper Club (a casino and restaurant located at 8591 Carnegie Avenue in Cleveland), Shaw-Clair Catering, Superior Catering, Eastern Service Company (a company which laundered income from Buckeye Enterprises so as not to draw attention from the Internal Revenue Service), and Buckeye Catering (which acted as a front for a slot machine leasing and profit-skimming business).[4]Template:SfnTemplate:Efn

Polizzi co-owned Tornello Importing Co.,Template:Sfn an olive oil, pasta, and tomato paste importation business,[11] with Frank Milano. It was a front for numerous illegal activities, and used to launder money.Template:Sfn With Frank Milano and Moe Dalitz,Template:Sfn Polizzi was also a partner in the Molaska Corporation.Template:Sfn Formed in 1933 just 10 days after the end of Prohibition,[20] it manufactured dehydrated molasses for use in alcohol manufacturing nationwide.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn This product was also used in the illegal manufacture of alcohol, which was sold tax-free and often adulterated.[20]

Polizzi also invested widely in distilleries.Template:Sfn These investments were an attempt to "go legit" (invest in legal business enterprises),Template:SfnTemplate:Efn Among the more important ones was Lubeck Brewing and Distributing of Cleveland, which he obtained control of in 1939.[11] The following year, Polizzi purchased the Sunrise Brewing Company of Cleveland. He changed the name to Tip Top Brewing, and the purchased an independent beer distributor.Template:Sfn Polizzi established a fake bank account at the Morris Plan Bank in Cleveland under the name of Fred W. Garmone,Template:Sfn a well-known local criminal defense attorney who did extensive work for the Cleveland crime family.[21] The money in this account was used to guarantee loans the bank made to retail customers of Tip Top. In return, the retailers purchased their alcoholic beverage exclusively from Tip Top. This created a "tied house" arrangement in violation of federal law.Template:Sfn

Boss of the Cleveland crime family

Becoming boss

On January 30, 1935, Milano fled to MexicoTemplate:Sfn to avoid prosecution for income tax evasion.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn As Milano could not run the Cleveland crime family from across the border, he stepped down as boss and was succeeded by Alfred Polizzi.Template:Sfn Although most sources say Polizzi was officially named boss in 1935,Template:Sfn former Cleveland FBI chief Joe Griffin says power did not transfer until 1942.Template:Sfn

National leadership and power-sharing

Polizzi gained a seat on the Grand Council of the Sicilian Mafia, a group of nine leaders of the Sicilian Mafia in the United States.Template:Sfn According to future Cleveland crime family underboss Angelo Lonardo, Polizzi also had a seat on The Commission, a seven-member group of American mafia families that handled high-level disputes,Template:Sfn and began to associate with mobsters such as Frank Costello, Joe Doto (Template:Aka Joe Adonis), Lucky Luciano, and Joe Profaci.Template:Sfn

It's unclear how much control Polizzi had over the Cleveland mafia. Cleveland mafia historian Rick Porrello has written that The Commission made it clear to Polizzi that Syndicate leader Moe Dalitz was the real authority in Cleveland.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn Dalitz and Polizzi also stayed in routine touch with Frank Milano in Mexico, occasionally traveling to see and consult with him.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn Polizzi partnered with Dalitz in various illegal enterprises while head of the Cleveland crime family, which allegedly made both men wealthy.Template:Sfn Nevertheless, at one point U.S. Senate investigators characterized Polizzi as one of the most influential members of the American mafia.Template:Sfn

In addition to his partnerships with Moe Dalitz, Polizzi continued to engage in a wide range of lucrative criminal activities on his own.Template:Sfn Mobster James Ragen and U.S. Senate investigators believed that Polizzi controlled the wire service in Cleveland, bringing him extensive income from betting shops and parlors.Template:Sfn[22] During Polizzi's tenure as boss in Cleveland, he relinquished control of mafia activities in Youngstown, Ohio, to another family. (It is unclear whether he did so on his own initiative, or at the request of another crime family.)Template:Sfn The Cleveland crime family continued to receive 25 percent of the profits from the Youngstown rackets (primarily gambling and vending machines), which averaged about $5,000 to $6,000 ($Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[". to $Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[". in Template:Inflation-year dollars) a month in the 1970s.Template:Sfn

Polizzi was also an investor in the Beverly Hills Country Club of Newport, Kentucky. The casino, established in 1937, was one of the most lucrative gambling establishments in the region and heavily patronized by organized crime leaders.Template:Sfn Polizzi received a portion of the profits, and continued to do so long after he had retired.[23]

In 1938, former Detroit gangster James T. Licavoli, Yonnie Licavoli's cousin, asked Polizzi for permission to operate in Cleveland. The Licavolis had left Detroit for Toledo in 1931,Template:Sfn[24] but returned to Detroit about 1933 or 1934.Template:Sfn The establishment of the Detroit crime family in 1931 under William "Black Bill" ToccoTemplate:Sfn[25] left the Licavolis with no room to operate. Polizzi gave Licavoli permission to resettle in Cleveland and begin criminal activities.[26]

Protecting Angelo Lonardo

Lonardo says he sought permission from boss Frank Milano to kill Giuseppe "Dr. Joe" Romano, whom Lonardo believed to be involved in the murder of his father, Joseph "Big Joe" Lonardo. Milano approved the assassination, which occurred on June 10, 1936.Template:Sfn[27] The revenge-killing of a crime family boss required approval by The Commission, approval that had not been sought. To protect Lonardo (who was not then a "made man" and member of any mafia) from assassination, Alfred Polizzi was forced to defend the killing before a meeting of the Commission. Lonardo was permitted to live only because Polizzi successfully argued that as a "civilian" he did not yet know the rules of the mafia.Template:Sfn

Liquor dealing conviction

In 1943, Polizzi got involved in an illegal liquor sales operation that later led to a conviction under federal law.

At the time, the state of Ohio had a monopoly on the sale of liquor, which sold it to dealers and retailers at a set price. Liquor was scarce due to World War II, so the state permitted liquor to be purchased from out-of-state manufacturers. The state required that out-of-state suppliers be registered, and taxes paid on the alcohol.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn Polizzi purchased 1,501 cases of liquor from Peerless and sold it to tavern owners at a price $9.00 ($Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[". in Template:Inflation-year dollars) above the legal price. Of this markup, $5.00 ($Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[". in Template:Inflation-year dollars) went to Peerless and $4.00 ($Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[". in Template:Inflation-year dollars) to Polizzi.Template:Sfn

The venture proved so profitable that Polizzi made a new deal with Peerless. Peerless agreed to register the Ohio Department of Liquor as an importer of out-of-state liquor and as a liquor retailer.Template:Sfn Out-of-state liquor manufacturers often found themselves with excess stock they could not sell, or for which they lacked bottles. Peerless obtained this excess stock and brought it to Ohio.Template:Sfn Polizzi illegally sold the liquor, and kicked back $1.00 ($Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[". in Template:Inflation-year dollars) for every case of liquor imported.Template:Sfn The scheme worked so long as the state of Ohio and the federal government believed the imported liquor remained in warehouses and was not sold. For this, Peerless and Polizzi needed warehouse receipts. Through a series of middlemen, Polizzi purchased legitimate warehouse receipts for use by his liquor distributors.Template:Sfn The scheme made an extremely large amount of money.Template:Sfn

The scheme fell apart when Polizzi's warehousemen failed to produce the proper receipts for federal inspectors.Template:Sfn Polizzi and three others were arrested in late December 1943 on 28 counts of federal liquor and tax law violations.[28][29] Deciding to get out of the brewery business, Polizzi sold Tip Top Brewing in July 1944 for $1 million ($Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[". in Template:Inflation-year dollars).[30] Polizzi reached a plea bargain with federal prosecutors about September 20, 1944,[29] under which he agreed to plead guilty to a single count of selling liquor without a federal wholesale liquor dealer's license. Polizzi was sentenced to two years in jail, and required to pay a $5,000 fine ($Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[". in Template:Inflation-year dollars).[31][32]

Polizzi was released in prison in late 1945 (having served a total of two years),Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn and moved to Coral Gables, Florida. He retired as boss of the Cleveland crime family,Template:Sfn and was succeeded by John T. Scalish.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Post-conviction career

Legitimate business activities

By his own account, Polizzi moved to Florida with $300,000 to $500,000 ($Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[". to $Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[". in Template:Inflation-year dollars) in profits from past criminal and legitimate activities.Template:Sfn Media reports in 1951 said the amount was closer to $300,000,[33] although mafia historian Rick Porrello puts the amount at $400,000 ($Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[". in Template:Inflation-year dollars)Template:SfnTemplate:Efn

George and John Angersola settled near Coral Gables as well.Template:Sfn Polizzi loaned them a large amount of money, and went into business with them. The three established the Polkin Company (an amalgam King—the Angersola alias—and Polizzi)Template:Sfn to build homes and hotels.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn

In 1947, Polizzi went into business with Forrest Thompson.Template:Sfn About six months earlier, Cleveland mafioso Vincent "Doc" Mangine introduced the two.Template:Sfn Assisted by attorney Nick Mangine, Vincent's brother,Template:Sfn they formed Thompson-Polizzi ConstructionTemplate:Sfn in Coral Gables.[34] By this time, Arthur McBride was also involved in real estate development in southern Florida.Template:Sfn Partnering with McBride, Thompson-Polizzi Construction built extensively in and around Coral Gables.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The company built two luxury movie theaters, an A&P supermarket, and other structures which are now landmarks in the city.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn He built a shopping center for Charles "Bebe" Rebozo (a confidante of President Richard Nixon) in 1967.[34]

Polizzi and McBride often co-invested as individuals in construction projects which made substantial profits.Template:Sfn Their first business transaction together occurred in 1948 when they formed H.&I. Holdings, a real estate development company. Both men turned over property to the company as their initial investment.[10] About 1949 or 1950, Polizzi and McBride purchased a former golf course in Coral Gables and built homes there.[10] The deal was worth at least $102,000 ($Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[". in Template:Inflation-year dollars).[22]

Polizzi was also involved in Arizona real estate. On August 8, 1947, members of the Cleveland crime family and the Cleveland Syndicate formed Tucson Motels.Template:Sfn Polizzi had become interested in Arizona during his 1937 and subsequent visits, and Moe Dalitz had a large ranch there which he used for hunting.Template:Sfn Alfred Polizzi put in $35,000 ($Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[". in Template:Inflation-year dollars) into Tucson Motels, making him the biggest investor. Chuck Polizzi, Dalitz, Kleinman, Rothkopf, and Tucker each put up $14,000 ($Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[". in Template:Inflation-year dollars).Template:Sfn Tucson Motels constructed several luxury hotels in the area, which were used by visiting mobsters. Arizona quickly became heavily infiltrated by organized crime.Template:Sfn

When Cleveland mobster Thomas J. McGinty settled in Palm Beach, Florida, in the early 1950s, Polizzi staked him the cash he needed to form his own real estate company.Template:Sfn McGinty was one of a large group of gangsters who rapidly built up Palm Beach,Template:Sfn and ending up owning extensive real estate north and south of the city as well.Template:Sfn

Continuing criminal activity

While in prison awaiting trial, Polizzi was involved in helping a number of gangsters to flee Cleveland. In 1943, George Angersola, John Angersola, Shondor Birns, Angelo Lonardo, Chuck Polizzi, Milton Rockman (Scalish's brother-in-law), Angelo Sciria, and 17 other Cleveland area mobsters were indicted for running numbers rackets.Template:Sfn[35] Although the indictments were a secret, most of these individuals fled Cleveland secretly aboard Arthur McBride's yacht, the Wood Duck, and relocated to Florida.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn On June 3, 1944, Polizzi purchased the Wood Duck for $5,000 ($Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[". in Template:Inflation-year dollars).Template:Sfn

In 1946, Polizzi helped James Licavoli win parole.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

When Wilbur Clark built the Desert Inn casino in Las Vegas, Nevada, in 1947, he sought and received capital from a group of mobsters that included Moe Dalitz, Maurice Kleinman, Thomas J. McGinty, Louis Rothkopf, and Sammy Tucker.Template:Sfn Polizzi and the Cleveland crime family were asked to also provide capital. Polizzi turned down the deal, afraid that gambling licenses wouldn't be issued and the family would lose their investment.Template:Sfn A few years later, this group sold a piece of their investment to John Angersola,Template:Efn Frank Milano, and Alfred Polizzi.Template:Sfn Polizzi agreed to prevent other organized crime figures from interfering with the casino and in return became a "silent partner" in the casino.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Profits skimmed from the casino continued to flow to the Polizzi and the Cleveland crime family until Howard Hughes purchased the Desert Inn in 1967.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Polizzi continued to receive part of the "skim" even in retirement, about $1,000 to $2,000 ($Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[". to $Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[". in Template:Inflation-year dollars) a month.Template:Sfn U.S. Senate investigators and former mafia members said Polizzi also invested secretly in the Stardust Resort and Casino. He shared in the $50,000 ($Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[". in Template:Inflation-year dollars) a month cut with John Angersola and John T. Scalish, a practice that continued into the mid-1960s.[36]

Polizzi was also suspected of running several illegal gambling rackets and assisting traffickers in illegal narcotics while living in Florida.Template:Sfn He openly associated with organized crime figures such as Tony Accardo, Anthony "Little Augie Pisano" Carfano, Charles Fischetti, Rocco Fischetti, Vincent Mangano, Joe Massei, and Harry "Nig" Rosen.[33]

Polizzi himself strenuously denied that he was engaged in anything illegal. After Look magazine ran an article on organized crime which mentioned Polizzi, he sued the magazine for libel in June 1950 and demanded $500,000 ($Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[". in Template:Inflation-year dollars) in damages.[37]

1951 Senate testimony

The United States Senate Special Committee to Investigate Crime in Interstate Commerce held hearings in Cleveland, Ohio, in January 1951. Among area organized crime figures testifying where Alvin Giesey, Thomas J. McGinty, Arthur McBride, and Anthony Milano.Template:Sfn Alfred Polizzi also testifiedTemplate:Sfn after being subpoenaed by the committee.[38] Polizzi's initial testimony before the committee was so vague and lacking in details that the committee threatened to pursue perjury and contempt of Congress charges against him. Polizzi voluntarily agreed to testify again.[39]

In testimony before the committee on February 19, 1951, Polizzi admitted to bootlegging during Prohibition and to having had a substantial ownership interest in Buckeye Catering, which at one time controlled 25 percent of the illegal slot machine business in northeast Ohio. He denied having had any involvement in casinos, and claimed to have left organized crime in 1938. Polizzi also told the committee that he had invested his earnings in real estate development, which included the Sands Hotel in Miami Beach, Florida. He said he had earned about $130,000 ($Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[". in Template:Inflation-year dollars) over the past six years.[4]

Death

Alfred Polizzi died on May 26, 1975, in Denver, Colorado, while attending his granddaughter's college graduation.[40] His funeral was held at St. Augustine Catholic Church in Coral Gables,[41] and he was buried at Our Lady of Mercy Catholic Cemetery in Doral, Florida.

Personal life

Polizzi became a naturalized citizen on June 8, 1928. The federal government sued in June 1939 to have his naturalization annulled on the grounds that he had lied about having no previous arrests.[1] The suit was unexpectedly dropped in November.[42] Polizzi sought a federal pardon from President Harry S. Truman in October 1949, but it was denied. He sought a pardon from President Dwight D. Eisenhower in March 1953, but again the pardon was denied.[32] The federal government sought to strip him again of his citizenship in 1952, but a court ruled against the government in December 1953.[43]

Alfred Polizzi married Philomena Valentino,Template:Sfn a second cousin of the wife of Anthony Milano.Template:Sfn Mobster Peter Licavoli, younger brother of Thomas J. Licavoli, was best man at their wedding.Template:Sfn[33] The couple had three children: sons Raymond (b. 1932)[44] and Nicholas (b. 1935),Template:Sfn and daughter Joanne. Template:Sfn

Alfred Polizzi used a number of aliases during his career. "Big Al" was the most common nickname,Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn because at Script error: No such module "convert". in height he was the tallest of all his friends and criminal associates.Template:Sfn He was also known as "Albert Allen"[10] and by variations on his own name (e.g., "Al Polizzi").Template:Sfn

References

Notes Template:Notelist

Citations

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".; Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".; Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".; Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Bibliography

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Template:Cleveland crime family Template:American Mafia

Template:Authority control

Retrieved from "http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Alfred_Polizzi&oldid=3924366"