Alberht of East Anglia

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Alberht (also Ethælbert or Albert; ruled 749 – about 760) was an eighth-century ruler of the kingdom of East Anglia. He shared the kingdom with Beonna and possibly Hun, who may not have existed. He may still have been king in around 760. He is recorded by the Fitzwilliam Museum and the historian Simon Keynes as Æthelberht I.Template:Sfn

Historians have accepted that Alberht was a real historical figure who was possibly an heir of Ælfwald. At Ælfwald's death in 749, the kingdom was divided between Alberht and Beonna, who was perhaps a Mercian and who took the lead in issuing regnal coinage and maintaining a military alliance with Æthelbald, king of Mercia. Alberht was ruling in East Anglia when Æthelbald was murdered in 757, after which Beornred ruled for a year in Mercia, before Offa seized power from him. The evidence of Alberht's single discovered coin indicates that he had sufficient authority to issue his own coinage, a degree of independence that was soon eclipsed by the rapid growth of Offa's power in East Anglia.

Background

a list of East Anglian kings from a medieval document

The lineage of Ælfwald from the Anglian collection

Alberht of East Anglia became king of the East Angles after his predecessor Ælfwald died in 749, after ruling for thirty-six years.Template:Sfn During Ælfwald's rule, East Anglia enjoyed sustained growth and stability, albeit under the senior authority of the Mercian king Æthelbald,Template:Sfn who ruled his kingdom from 716 until he was murdered by his own men in 757.Template:Sfn Ælfwald was the last of the Wuffingas dynasty, who had ruled East Anglia since the sixth century.Template:Sfn The East Anglian pedigree in the Anglian collection, which was probably compiled in 725 or 726 during the reign of Ælfwald, lists the royal line of East Anglia, from Ælfwald to the Germanic god Woden.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Joint rule with Beonna

Alberht is so obscure that for many centuries he was known only from a single statement in a late compilation of material. A reference derived from tradition can be found in the annal for 749 in the Historia Regum, a mediaeval work possibly produced in part by Byrhtferth of Ramsey. In the annal, it is stated that "Hunbeanna and Alberht divided the kingdom of the East Angles between themselves".Template:Sfn Until the 1980s, this record stood alone and unverifiable, with the exception of a single coin attributed to Beonna and two other brief mentions of him. Since then, well over a hundred coins attributed to Beonna have been found,Template:Sfn many in archaeologically secure contexts,Template:Sfn so that it is now clear that a ruler named Beonna did rule in East Anglia at that time, as originally suggested in 1905 by the English historian H. M. Chadwick.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The historian Steven Plunkett has suggested that the Hun- element in the annal was at some time joined with the -beanna element in error by a scribe.Template:Sfn Marion Archibald, a numismatist at the British Museum for 33 years, and the historian Dorothy Whitelock both asserted that the term Hunbeanna could be split into two separate names, Hun and Beonna.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn Archibald acknowledges that nothing at all is known of Hun, noting that the name may a hypocorism for a person with a name beginning in hun- or ending in -hun,Template:Sfn whilst Whitelock partitions the kingdom of the East Angles between Alberht, Hun and Beonna.Template:Sfn

Scholars have since realized that these exceedingly sparse references were accurate, and that East Anglia was indeed ruled jointly after 749. As a result, Alberht has become a more substantial reality. The identity of these two rulers (or possibly three, if Hun is included) and the reason for this division of power remain unknown. The historian Barbara Yorke suggests the possibility that the kings each ruled a separate part of the kingdom at this time, but acknowledges that the political landscape of 749 is not well understood.Template:Sfn D. P. Kirby gives an alternative view of the events that may have occurred following the death of Ælfwald. He connects Alberht with Æthelberht II of East Anglia and states that Alberht was still ruling in 794, which would imply that he reigned for around forty-five years.Template:Sfn

Beonna is not a typical East Anglian Wuffingas name,Template:Sfn but might be connected with the Mercian ruling family, as several members had names starting with a B.Template:Sfn Alberht however alliterates suitably with several Wuffingas names:Template:Sfn according to Plunkett, it could be accepted as a form of the name Æthelberht, implying that when Ælfwald died, Alberht continued the dynastic line,Template:Sfn

Plunkett notes that the large number of coins bearing his name show that Beona was in primary control of the minting of East Anglia's coinage and was at times in a position to consolidate his authority as king.Template:Sfn The East Anglians under Beonna co-operated with Æthelbald's Mercians in the Battle of Burford Bridge against Cuthred of Wessex in 752,Template:Sfn and, according to Archibald, Beonna can be identified with Beornred, who for a few months ruled Mercia after Æthelbald's assassination in 757.Template:Sfn

Coinage

a coin of Alberht I.[1] Both sides of the coin have text in runes laid out between the limbs of a saltire pommée, decorated with pellets. Obverse: eþ æl be rt; reverse: ti æl re d.Template:Sfn

The single coin that can be attributed to Alberht

According to the numismatists Philip Grierson and Mark Blackburn, the minting of coins in East Anglia probably began during the reign of Beonna. A mint probably operated from Suffolk: coins continued to be produced through a period of Mercian hegemony and East Anglian independence, until the invasion by the Vikings in the second half of the ninth century.Template:Sfn

The confirmation of Alberht as a historical figure emerges from the discovery by controlled excavation of a single coin, considered to be unique, that can be attributed to him.Template:Sfn

The authenticity and date-horizon of the coin is not in doubt: it was discovered by Valerie Fenwick at Burrow Hill, at Butley, Suffolk, in a stratified deposit which also contained several varieties of late sceattas of a runic type and coins that were minted by Beonna. It was found in a defensible estuary island site in a strategic position near Rendlesham, a known seat of Wuffingas power.Template:Sfn The site is located due east of Sutton Hoo.Template:Sfn

The clear and carefully formed runes on the sceattaTemplate:Sfn reveal the moneyer's name—'Tiælred'—which is perhaps a version of Coeldred: the obverse reads 'Ethælbert'.Template:Sfn Of about 42% silver,Template:Sfn the coin is closely connected to Beonna,Template:Sfn being struck on a module comparable to the larger planchet which characterises the later strikes of Beonna's most prolific moneyer, Efe. The formula resembles the money made for Beonna by Wilred, but the confident lettering and beading more resembles the work of Efe.Template:Sfn Its resemblance to the coins made for Beonna "strongly suggests" to Archibald that it was made for a king who ruled in East Anglia at around the same time.Template:Sfn

The coin formed part of a presentation to the British Museum in 1992, to mark the society's twenty-fifth anniversary of the British Museum Society.Template:Sfn

Sources

• Template:Registration required

Further reading

• J. Campbell (Ed.), The Anglo-Saxons (Oxford 1982).
• J. A. Giles, Roger of Wendover's Flowers of History (Translation - 2 Vols.) (London 1849).

External links

• Template:PASE
• Record of the coin attributed to Alberht at the British Museum