Alan Wace

Template:Short description Template:Top icon Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Alan John Bayard Wace Template:Post-nominals (13 July 1879 – 9 November 1957) was an English archaeologist who served as director of the British School at Athens (BSA) between 1914 and 1923.Template:Efn He excavated widely in Thessaly, Laconia, and Egypt, and at the Bronze Age site of Mycenae in Greece. He was also an authority on Greek textiles and a prolific collector of Greek embroidery.

Educated at Shrewsbury School and Pembroke College, Cambridge, Wace initially focused his scholarly interests on Ancient Greek sculpture and modern Greek anthropology. He first attended the BSA in 1902, before moving to the British School at Rome (BSR). While a member of the BSR, he participated in the BSA's excavations at Sparta and in the region of Laconia in southern Greece. Between 1907 and 1912, he surveyed widely in the northern Greek region of Thessaly, before taking a post at the Scottish University of St Andrews in 1912.

In 1914, Wace returned to the BSA as its director, though his archaeological work was soon interrupted by the outbreak of the First World War. During the war, he worked for the British intelligence services and excavated with his long-term collaborator Carl Blegen at the prehistoric site of Korakou. This project generated Wace and Blegen's theory of the long-term continuity of mainland Greek ("Helladic") culture, which contradicted the established scholarly view that Minoan Crete had been the dominant culture of the Aegean Bronze Age, and became known as the "Helladic Heresy". Wace excavated at Mycenae in the early 1920s, and established a chronological schema for the site's tombs which largely proved the "Helladic Heresy" correct.

Wace lost his position at the BSA in 1923, and spent ten years as a curator of textiles at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. In 1934, he returned to Cambridge as the Laurence Professor of Classical Archaeology, and resumed his covert work during the Second World War, serving as a section head for the British intelligence agency MI6 in Athens, Alexandria, and Cairo. He retired from Cambridge in 1944 and was appointed to a post at Alexandria's Farouk I University. During his tenure there, he continued to excavate at Mycenae and unsuccessfully attempted to locate the tomb of Alexander the Great. He was sacked after the 1952 Egyptian revolution, but continued to excavate, publish and study until his death in 1957. His daughter, Lisa French, accompanied him on several campaigns at Mycenae and later directed excavations there.

Early life and education

Alan John Bayard Wace was born on 13 July 1879, at 4 Camden Place in Cambridge.Template:Refn He was the second son of Frederic Charles Wace, a justice of the peace and formerly a mathematician at St John's College;Template:Sfn his mother, Fanny (Template:Née Bayard), was descended from a family prominent in New York.Template:Sfn Frederic Wace served as mayor of Cambridge in 1889–1891,Template:Refn the first university academic to hold the post. He died in 1893, whereupon the family moved to Shrewsbury, and Wace (along with his elder brother Emeric) attended Shrewsbury School, a public school in the town, where he was head boy in 1898. He entered the University of Cambridge on a scholarship in the same year, matriculating in classics at Pembroke College. Emeric died shortly before the end of Wace's second year, in which Wace obtained a First, the highest possible grade, in Part I of the tripos examinations. Wace's tutor, the classicist R. A. Neil, suggested that he study classical archaeology for Part II, his final year:Template:Sfn Wace subsequently achieved a First with distinction in the examinations of 1901.Template:Refn

Wace acquired a particular interest in Ancient Greek sculpture from his teacher Charles Waldstein; he also gained an interest in the Aegean Bronze Age from William Ridgeway, the university's Disney Professor of Archaeology. Among his Cambridge contemporaries was the future folklorist and archaeologist R. M. Dawkins.Template:Sfn In 1902, he attended the British School at Athens (BSA), one of Greece's foreign archaeological institutes,Template:Efn as a student,Template:Sfn having won the Prendergast Scholarship to do so.Template:Sfn While there, he completed a research project on reliefs and royal portraits in Hellenistic sculpture,Template:Sfn part of which he published in the school's journal, Annual of the British School at Athens, in 1902.Template:Refn The project became the nucleus of his 1935 monograph, An Approach to Greek Sculpture.Template:SfnmTemplate:Efn His biographer David Gill describes Wace as "perhaps one of the strongest students of Hellenistic sculpture to emerge from Cambridge".Template:Sfn Wace also developed an interest in Greek textiles, perhaps from the embroiderer Louisa Pesel, who became an associate of the BSA in the same year as Wace joined, or perhaps from the school's director, Robert Carr Bosanquet, who collected them.Template:Sfn

Early academic career

Wace moved to the British School at Rome (BSR) in 1903 on a Craven studentship.Template:Sfn He supplemented his income by working as a secretary to Ernest Gardner, a professor of classical art and archaeology at University College London and former director of the BSA, on Gardner's educational cruises for his students of the Aegean: these took place on SS Pelops during Easter 1903 and on SS Peneios during Easter 1904.Template:Sfn Wace was elected as a fellow of Pembroke College in 1904.Template:Sfn He worked briefly as a librarian at the BSR between 1905 and 1906,Template:Sfn supported by a grant from the British government to allow the BSR to catalogue the sculptures in the Capitoline Museum, the Palazzo dei Conservatori and the Template:Ill.Template:Sfn In the 1904Template:Ndash1905 season, he catalogued the Roman portrait sculptures of the Capitoline Museum, while the school's director, Henry Stuart Jones, catalogued its Greek ones.Template:Sfn Jones resigned the directorship for reasons of ill health in 1905, and intended Wace to be his successor; however, the school's committee appointed Thomas Ashby as acting director in September of that year. Wace remained as librarian and acted as Ashby's assistant.Template:Refn In the spring of 1906, the directorship was formally declared vacant; both Wace and Ashby applied, Ashby was appointed, and Wace was offered the assistant directorship, which he refused. He remained at the BSR; in 1909, he was considered as a possible successor to Ashby (whose contract was due to expire in 1911), though not appointed.Template:Sfn

From 1904 onwards, the BSA was engaged in an extended campaign in the Laconia region of southern Greece.Template:Sfn Wace took part in his first excavation in 1905, under the leadership of the BSA's Frederick William Hasluck at Geraki in Laconia. Over the following years, he generally spent autumns in Rome and summers on archaeological fieldwork in Greece.Template:Sfn Alongside the archaeologist Marcus Tod, he reviewed the artefacts stored in the Archaeological Museum of Sparta; Tod specialised in the inscriptions while Wace catalogued the sculptures and other finds.Template:Sfn He excavated the Menelaion sanctuary in 1909 alongside Maurice S. Thompson and John Percival Droop;Template:Sfn his publication of the lead votive objects deposited there was described by the archaeologist Hector Catling in 1998 as "definitive and of permanent value".Template:Sfn He also excavated with the BSA at Sparta, and was given charge of the work on a Roman bathhouse known as the "Arapissa",Template:Refn as well as that on the city's circuit wall.Template:Sfn His other work in Laconia included the excavation of a number of tombs,Template:Sfn a survey of the eastern coast of the Laconian Gulf,Template:Sfn and a small-scale excavation of a shrine at Epidauros Limera.Template:Sfn Outside Laconia, he worked with Gardner, who organised archaeological tours of Athens. Wace also contributed to a survey of Athens's Byzantine churches, collaborated on studies of the statue base of the charioteer Porphyrius and of the base of the Obelisk of Theodosius, both in Istanbul.Template:Sfnm In April 1905, he made a survey of the Magnesian peninsula in Thessaly alongside Albert William Van Buren of the American School of Classical Studies in Rome.Template:Sfn

Diagram of fragments of pottery, coloured with bold stripes

Drawings of potsherds from the sites of Tsangli and Rakhmani in Thessaly, from Wace and Thompson's Prehistoric Thessaly

Bosanquet left the BSA in 1906; Wace was one of three candidates, alongside Dawkins and Duncan Mackenzie, shortlisted for the directorship.Template:Sfn Wace was noted in a meeting of the school's managing committee as "a competent and keen worker and capable of extracting work from others", but was also considered inexperienced (being the youngest of the three), and the committee criticised his "slovenly" writing style.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn Wace was ultimately rejected in favour of Dawkins.Template:Sfn Following Dawkins's appointment, he and Wace toured through the Dodecanese in the summer of 1906 and in 1907. The pair recorded inscriptions, collected embroidered artwork and pursued Dawkins's interest in modern Greek dialects.Template:Sfnm Wace organised an exhibition of Greek embroidery at Cambridge's Fitzwilliam Museum in 1906, almost exclusively composed of pieces he had collected with Dawkins and studied with Pesel and John Myers, another alumnus of the BSA.Template:Refn Wace wrote articles for The Burlington Magazine, an academic journal covering fine art, throughout the first decade of the 1900s, and continued to exhibit his collection along with Dawkins, including at the Burlington Fine Arts Club in 1914.Template:Sfn

In June 1907, Wace and Droop travelled to Thessaly in northern Greece.Template:Sfn Wace believed that the prehistoric sites of the region would provide evidence for the civilisation of Greece before the Bronze Age, in which it was then generally believed that Greece had come under the domination of Minoan Crete.Template:Sfn Wace and Droop excavated Bronze Age tombs at Theotokou,Template:Sfn where Wace had previously visited in 1905,Template:Sfn and then proceeded to conduct field surveys in search of prehistoric mounds, known as . They discovered the mound of Zerelia in 1907, then returned with Thompson and funding from Cambridge University in June 1908. Wace and Thompson continued to visit Thessaly until 1912, recovering numerous artefacts which they donated to the Fitzwilliam Museum; the results of the work were published as Prehistoric Thessaly.Template:Sfnm The archaeologist Helen Waterhouse attributes Wace's later specialism in prehistory to the enthusiasm for Neolithic pottery he developed in Thessaly.Template:Sfn During their Thessalian travels, Wace, Thompson and Arthur Woodward, with whom Wace made some of his visits, also noted several ancient inscriptions, some of which they published themselves; Woodward also published other texts collected by Wace and Thompson.Template:Sfn

Between 1910 and 1912, Wace conducted, alongside Thompson, anthropological research among the nomadic Vlach people of Epirus. The two accompanied the Vlachs on their annual summer migration, which lasted eight days, from the lowland site of Tyrnavos to Samarina in the Pindus mountains:Template:Sfn on the outbreak of the First Balkan War in October 1912, he wrote that "the annual disturbance" in the region had begun "earlier than usual".Template:Sfn The hostilities halted his research, the results of which he published in a book co-authored with Thompson in 1914.Template:Sfnm By 1912, Wace was considered an expert on both Aegean prehistory and classical sculpture.Template:Sfn That year, he took a post at the University of St Andrews in Scotland, as a lecturer in ancient history and archaeology.Template:Sfn He left his fellowship at Pembroke in 1913.Template:Sfn

Appointment as director of the British School at Athens

Wace, who had previously served on the BSA's managing committee, succeeded Dawkins as director of the BSA in 1914.Template:Sfnm He accepted the offer of the directorate, which came with an annual salary of £500 (), at the managing committee meeting of 24 March,Template:Sfnm and took up office in the autumn, after the outbreak of the First World War.Template:Sfn Wace's students at the BSA included the classical archaeologists Template:Ill, Vincent Desborough, Vronwy Hankey and Helen Waterhouse.Template:Refn Stubbings later recalled a humorous "open meeting" hosted by Wace at the BSA, in which he asked visiting academics to give a lecture based on six slides they had never previously seen. Georg Karo, the director of the German Archaeological Institute at Athens (DAI), attended the meeting in costume as a .Template:Sfn

First World War

Black and white photograph showing men in military uniform, posing in the gateway of an ancient structure.

French troops at the Beulé Gate in 1917, during the Allied occupation of Athens

The First World War limited the opportunities for archaeological work in Greece and all but removed the usual influx of academic visitors to the BSA.Template:Sfn Wace and Karo agreed that they should suspend contact between themselves and their institutions for the duration of the war: in a chance meeting on Christmas Day 1914, Karo told Wace that the professional relationship between the DAI and the BSA, and his own personal friendship with Wace, were "in abeyance" until the end of hostilities.Template:Sfn Wace opened the school's hostel as accommodation to those employed by the British government: he was instructed by William Erskine, a British diplomat in the city, not to host anyone of whom Erskine disapproved.Template:Sfn

Wace spent three weeks in January 1915 surveying in Macedonia, looking for potential excavation sites.Template:Sfn During 1915–1916,Template:Sfn Wace was posted to the chancery of the British legation to Greece, where he worked in cryptography and cryptanalysis. His work included organising support for British subjects fleeing the Ottoman Empire, as well as gathering military intelligence from them. Late in 1915, after the Gallipoli landings, Wace devised and established the British passport control office in Athens, which served as a front for British intelligence, in which he identified people suspected of attempting to travel to British-controlled Egypt as spies.Template:Sfn He spent his free time during the war tending to the BSA's garden, organising its library and its antiquities collection, and working on Mycenaean pottery in the National Archaeological Museum.Template:Sfn

Although the BSA was forbidden to excavate from 1914, the American School of Classical Studies (ASCSA) continued its excavations in the following two years, during which both the United States and Greece were officially uninvolved in the conflict.Template:Sfnm Wace joined the ASCSA's secretary, Carl Blegen, in the ASCSA's excavations of the Early Bronze Age site of Korakou in the Corinthia during 1915 and 1916.Template:Sfn Their excavations led to a joint publication in which they argued that Greek culture had existed continuously since the early Bronze Age, and that "archaic and, consequently, classical Greek art was a renaissance... of the same artistic spirit that inspired Knossos and Phaestos, Tiryns and Mycenae".Template:Sfn Their argument that the culture of Bronze Age Greece was primarily "Mycenaean as opposed to Cretan" ran contrary to the prevailing opinion of the time, by which Minoan Crete was considered the dominant influence on mainland Greece.Template:Sfnm Droop later called Wace and Blegen's ideas the "Helladic Heresy".Template:Sfn

On 1 December [O.S. 18 November] 1916, British and French forces invaded Piraeus, the harbour of Athens, in an attempt to overturn Greece's neutrality in the war.Template:Sfn Wace and other British officials were evacuated onto the troop ship HMT Abbassieh, which remained outside Athens until the following year.Template:Sfn During his enforced lodging there, Wace explored the eastern side of the island of Salamis, a short distance from Piraeus, and reported to the Greek authorities on the need for conservation work on some ancient wall-paintings there.Template:Sfn The BSA was closed during this period, which was later referred to by Rachel Hood, the wife of the BSA director Sinclair Hood, as the "difficult times".Template:Sfn Wace continued to work for the British legation.Template:Sfn On the school's reopening in 1917, he was appointed to a committee of the Greek Ministry of Education to award prizes for sculpture and painting.Template:Sfnm

Post-war archaeology and the "Helladic Heresy"

Ivory figurine showing three figures; two seated women and a child between them

Figurine, known as the "Ivory Triad", found by Wace on the citadel of Mycenae in 1939, called "the most remarkable of all Mycenaean ivories" by Waterhouse in 1986Template:Sfn

In November 1919, Wace's contract as director of the BSA was renewed for another three years, and he left the British legation. Gill credits Wace's reputation with attracting several non-British students to the BSA, including the Swedish Etruscologist Axel Boëthius and the papyrologist Jacob Hondius. Wace also assisted in the foundation of the Museum of Greek Handicrafts.Template:Sfn He suggested expanding the BSA's archaeological remit to include the study of geology and botany, but his proposals were not enacted.Template:Sfn As a result of political rioting, which took place in Athens at the end of July 1920, Wace opened the hostel of the BSA to women, against the opposition of some of the school's managing committee.Template:Refn According to the archaeologist Bernard Ashmole, the decision was ultimately forced when the British Minister to Greece ordered all British students in Athens, male and female, to be moved into the hostel during Wace's absence in November.Template:Refn

In the early 1920s, Wace led the excavations of the BSA at the site of Mycenae in southern Greece. The project was encouraged by Arthur Evans, who had excavated at Knossos on Crete from 1900 and introduced the concept of "Minoan Civilisation" to scholarship.Template:Sfn Mycenae had previously been established, after the 1876–1877 excavations at Grave Circle A there, as the type site for the "Mycenaean" civilisation of the mainland.Template:Sfn Evans hoped that further excavations at Mycenae would provide evidence for his theory that Knossos was the centre of the dominant power of the Bronze Age Aegean, in line with the Classical myths of a Cretan thalassocracy under King Minos.Template:EfnTemplate:Sfn Evans assisted the BSA in persuading both the Greek government and the archaeologist Christos Tsountas, who held the necessary permit, to allow them to excavate with Wace as field director.Template:Sfn He also supported the excavation financially, donating ) towards the excavation of the monument known as the Tomb of Aegisthus.Template:Sfn

The main priority of the excavations was to establish the chronological relationship between the shaft graves of Grave Circle A and the much larger tombs at the site. Evans believed that the two sets of tombs were broadly contemporary, and that both represented the burials of Cretan-based rulers of Mycenae.Template:Sfnm This ran contrary to the view proposed by Wace and Blegen in 1918, by which the culture of mainland Greece ("Helladic" culture) had remained fundamentally autochthonous through the Shaft Graves period until the end of the Bronze Age.Template:Sfnm Under Wace and Blegen's model, the were correctly dated considerably later than both Grave Circle A (c. 1600–1450 BCE) and the apogee of Neopalatial Minoan civilisation on Crete, which ended around 1500 BCE.Template:Sfnm This would represent a "crescendo" of monumentality and elaboration in Mycenae's tombs, whereas Evans had argued that Mycenae had become subjected and subordinated to Crete, and that this produced a "diminuendo" in the site's wealth and ostentation.Template:Sfn According to Evans, the oldest tombs on the site were the largest and most developed: the two known as the Treasury of Atreus and the Tomb of Clytemnestra.Template:Sfn

Wace intended to fully excavate all seven of the thus-far unexcavated between 1920 and 1923.Template:Sfn In 1920 and 1921, he made small-scale excavations in the Treasury of Atreus, which failed to find conclusive evidence for its date.Template:Sfn Between 15 June and 8 July 1922, the Tomb of Aegisthus was excavated under Winifred Lamb, who was serving as Wace's second-in-charge.Template:Sfn This would be the only tomb fully excavated during the 1920–1923 campaigns, though Wace had all the re-examined and their first architectural plans drawn up by the Anglo-Dutch draughtsman Piet de Jong,Template:Sfn whom Wace hired in 1920 for what was de Jong's first archaeological job.Template:Sfn Planned excavations of the Treasury of Atreus in 1923 had to be abandoned because of safety concerns about the tomb's roof, which had partially collapsed.Template:Sfn

By May 1923, Wace and Lamb had constructed the outline of a three-phase chronological model for the at Mycenae,Template:Sfn in which they argued for a progressive increase in the scale and monumentality of the tombs. They were able to date the Tomb of Aegisthus to early LH IIA (c. 1510–1480 BCE),Template:Sfnm and to show that it was earlier than the larger Treasury of Atreus, thereby providing strong evidence for Wace and Blegen's chronological model.Template:Sfn Evans reacted bitterly to Wace's findings, disputing the chronological judgements he had made and writing to Droop that he had "never yet [seen] any work so systematically wrong-headed."Template:Sfn During the period of his work at Mycenae, Wace also assisted Blegen in the ASCSA's excavations at Zygouries, a site between Mycenae and Corinth.Template:Sfn

Wace remained at the BSA until later in 1923, when the school's managing committee declined to renew his appointment. Waterhouse suggests that this was due to Wace's disfavour with influential members of the committee, who had disagreed with his decision to excavate at Mycenae, preferring the school to focus on sites of the classical period.Template:Sfn The historian Cathy Gere has suggested that Evans, a member of the committee, may have been the primary force behind Wace's departure.Template:Refn Several Greek professors and archaeological ephors wrote to the BSA's London committee, expressing their regret at the decision and crediting Wace with establishing "the very high scientific reputation" of the school.Template:Sfn Wace was succeeded by Arthur Woodward, who had been his deputy director since 1910.Template:Sfnm

Victoria and Albert Museum

Portrait of Evans: an elderly man in a raincoat and hat, in front of an ancient stone wall.

Arthur Evans was a prominent critic of Wace's ideas about the relationship between Minoan and Mycenaean civilisation, which were dubbed the "Helladic Heresy".

After leaving the BSA, Wace lectured at Princeton University in 1923 and at the Archaeological Institute of America in 1923–1924. He was offered a post at the University of Pennsylvania Museum in 1924, but refused it to take care of family commitments in Britain, following the death of his brother-in-law. He also declined in 1925 an invitation to excavate at Beth She'an in Mandatory Palestine on the museum's behalf. Evans continued to write critically of Wace in the press, including in The Times in April 1924. Wace, meanwhile, was selected to write the chapters on the Aegean Bronze Age for the Cambridge Ancient History.Template:Sfnm

Wace worked between 1924 and 1934 as deputy keeper of textiles at the Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A) in London.Template:Sfn The Greek embroideries he collected with Dawkins formed the basis of the V&A's collection of these objects.Template:Sfn While at the V&A, he published widely on embroidery from various periods, including a preface for Louisa Pesel's 1929 handbook for embroiderers based on seventeenth-century samplers and an exhibition catalogue co-written with his wife in the same year.Template:Sfn In 1929, he organised the Exhibition of English Decorative Art, held at Lansdowne House, described in one of Wace's obituaries as his greatest achievement in the field of textiles.Template:Sfn Wace did not return to archaeology in Greece during this period, though he joined Blegen at the latter's excavations of Troy in 1933.Template:Sfn

In 1926, Wace was asked by Sydney Cockerell, director of the Fitzwilliam Museum, to authenticate a marble statuette (later known as the "Fitzwilliam Goddess") being offered for sale to the museum by Charles Seltman, a lecturer in classics at Queens' College, Cambridge. The statue was claimed to be Minoan in date: Wace considered it authentic, as subsequently did Evans.Template:Sfn Wace wrote about the statuette in The Times, declaring it "the earliest piece of true sculpture found on Greek soil"; in a letter to Cockerell on 12 February, he called it "ravishingly beautiful".Template:Sfn By the end of the year, the statue was widely suspected to be a forgery: Wace published a monograph on it in May 1927, titled A Cretan Statuette in the Fitzwilliam Museum: A Study in Minoan Costume,Template:Sfnm but reviews of the book in 1928 largely doubted the piece's authenticity.Template:Sfn The museum recategorised it as "of uncertain date or authenticity" in 1961 and removed it from display in 1991;Template:Sfn by this point, it was generally considered a forgery dating from the 1920s.Template:Sfn

Laurence Professorship at Cambridge

Wace became the second holder of the Laurence Professorship of Classical Archaeology, succeeding Arthur Bernard Cook on the latter's retirement in 1934.Template:Sfn He maintained his interest in Greek textiles, writing a 1935 catalogue for an exhibition entitled Mediterranean and Near Eastern Embroideries, based on the collection of Beatrice Lindell Cook, whose husband had collected them in Egypt; the book is still considered a standard work in the twenty-first century.Template:Refn

Wace returned to Mycenae in July 1939, following a visiting appointment at the University of Toronto in the early part of that year.Template:Sfn His excavations discovered the part of the "Prehistoric Cemetery", predominantly consisting of chamber tombs, on the acropolis slope west of the citadel.Template:Sfn He also made new excavations of the Treasury of Atreus, which proved that the tomb had been constructed no later than the LHIIIA1 period (c. Template:Trim – c. 1300 BCE).Template:Refn When the Second World War broke out in September, Wace moved back into the BSA with his family. He worked as a section head for the Inter-Services Liaison Department, the name used in the Middle East by the British military intelligence agency MI6.Template:Sfnm Wace resumed his previous cover as a passport control officer, monitoring international communications and the activities of Axis intelligence agencies.Template:Sfn In March 1940, he gave a public lecture on Mycenae, which was attended by King Georgios of Greece.Template:Sfn During the winter of 1940–1941, at which time Greece was under invasion from Italy, Wace collaborated with the Greek archaeologist Spyridon Marinatos on a study of the façade of the Treasury of Atreus.Template:Sfn

Black-and-white photograph of uniformed soldiers entering a cinema

British soldiers in Cairo, 1943: Wace conducted intelligence work in the city after his evacuation from Greece.

In April 1941,Template:Sfn shortly before the fall of Greece to Axis forces in May, Wace and other British intelligence officers relocated to Alexandria in Egypt, where he debriefed British troops evacuated there from Greece.Template:Sfn He subsequently worked for MI6 in Cairo. His duties included editing and publishing intelligence reports, and he ran the department providing false passports and documentation to agents of the British Special Operations Executive operating in the Aegean.Template:Sfnm He was evacuated briefly to Jerusalem in 1942, shortly before the First Battle of El Alamein.Template:Sfn To assist with his espionage work, he called on the archaeologist and BSA alumnus Martin Robertson, who joined him in Cairo in late 1942.Template:Sfn Wace developed a cooperative relationship with Rodney Young, an American archaeologist turned intelligence officer, who established the "Greek Desk" of the Office of Strategic Services in the city from 1943: their acquaintance allowed British and American intelligence to avoid the inter-Allied rivalry that characterised their relationship in İzmir.Template:Sfn

Wace retired from his Cambridge professorship in 1944, having reached the age limit of sixty-five for normal service and realising that he would be unable to return to Cambridge during the war.Template:Refn He was subsequently appointed, on the encouragement of the British Council,Template:Sfn as professor of classics and classical archaeology for Alexandria's Farouk I University.Template:EfnTemplate:Sfn

Professorship at Alexandria and retirement

Alongside the French Egyptologist Étienne Drioton, Wace organised a 1944 exhibition of Coptic art in Cairo. Shortly after the Second World War, he loaned his extensive collection of Greek embroideries to the Liverpool Museum, which later purchased them.Template:Sfn In 1947, he attempted to find the Tomb of Alexander the Great in Alexandria, unsuccessfully excavating at a hill known as Kom al-Dikka, then widely believed to be the tomb's location.Template:Sfn He also excavated a Hellenistic temple at Hermopolis Magna in central Egypt, dedicated to the Ptolemaic ruler Ptolemy III; the results of this project were published posthumously in 1959.Template:Refn During the 1950s, he wrote short stories featuring a fictional archaeologist named George Evesham; two of these were published in the journal Archaeology.Template:Sfnm

Wace was a member of the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) in Princeton, New Jersey, from September to December 1948:Template:Refn there, he completed his archaeological guide to Mycenae, published in 1949.Template:Sfnm He returned to the IAS between January and June 1951.Template:Refn He made further excavations at Mycenae between 1950 and 1955,Template:Sfn following the end of the Greek Civil War in October 1949. His excavations in 1952 discovered the first tablets written in the prehistoric Linear B script known from the site.Template:Sfn In 1952, violence in the British-administered Suez Canal Zone, including the killing of fifty Egyptian police officers in January, led to a military coup which overthrew King Farouk and imposed a nationalist government led by Mohamed Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser.Template:Sfn The new government sacked Wace, who moved to Cyprus,Template:Sfn and later to a flat in Athens.Template:Sfn From 1952 until 1955, he visited Princeton each year:Template:Sfn he maintained membership of the IAS between September 1952 and June 1954.Template:Refn He also undertook study seasons at Mycenae in 1956 and 1957.Template:Sfn

Wace experienced poor cardiovascular health over a period of several years. He suffered a heart attack in the spring of 1957,Template:Sfn though was able later that year to assist with the rearrangement of the Mycenaean Room of the National Archaeological Museum of Athens, and to attend the resumption of the Mycenae excavations under John Papadimitriou.Template:Sfn Wace died of a further heart attack on 9 November 1957, at his home in Athens.Template:Refn He was buried in the Protestant section of the First Cemetery of Athens.Template:Sfn

Personal life, character and honours

The writer Compton Mackenzie, who directed British intelligence in Athens during the First World War and met Wace during the latter's work with British refugees from Turkey during 1915–1916,Template:Refn wrote of him as:

A delightful combination of great scholarship and humour, a worldly humour too and not in the least pedagogic... a tall, slim man full of nervous energy, with a fresh complexion and an extraordinarily merry pair of light blue eyes.Template:Refn

Wace's former student Frank Stubbings, in a 1958 obituary, described Wace as being "virtually incapable of making even a rough sketch of any object", despite an outstanding visual memory. He went on to describe Wace as having "a slightly ponderous indignation with those whom (often rightly) he thought stupid and pretentious", but as being "really a very modest man, sensitive, and easily hurt, but full of kindness and, in the right company, of fun."Template:Sfn The historian Arnold Toynbee, who visited the BSA in the 1911–1912 academic year, described Wace and Thompson thus:

They hunted together like a couple of hounds; and, like hounds on the scent, they were indifferent, while chasing their quarry, to heat, cold, hunger, or exposure to the elements. They set one an exacting standard of physical endurance.Template:Refn

Wace was married to the American archaeologist Helen Wace (Template:Née Pence), a former student of the BSR who had worked on the Roman port of Ostia.Template:Refn The couple met at Mycenae in June 1922 and became engaged on a yacht cruise in May 1923, which was also attended by Blegen and his fellow American archaeologists Bert Hodge Hill and Leicester Holland, as well as all three of their future wives, Elizabeth Pierce, Ida Thallon, and Louise Adams. Wace and Pence married in St Albans on 20 June 1925;Template:Sfn the archaeologist Elizabeth (Lisa) Bayard French, born in 1931, was their daughter. Lisa Wace attended her father's excavations at Mycenae from the age of eight, and directed excavations there from 1959 to 1969 alongside William Taylour.Template:Sfn In 1964, Helen Wace published a series of Alan's fictional writings as Greece Untrodden.Template:Sfnm She also completed his monograph on the tapestries from the collection of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, at Blenheim Palace for publication in 1968: a review in History Today praised her work and called it "a fitting tribute to this notable scholar".Template:Sfn

Wace was made a doctor of the University of Amsterdam in 1932, of the University of Liverpool in 1935, of the University of Pennsylvania in 1940, and of the University of Cambridge in 1951.Template:Sfn He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1945,Template:Refn as a Fellow of the British Academy in 1947, and as a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. In 1951, he was made an honorary fellow of Pembroke College, Cambridge, and was also the honorand of a special edition of the Annual of the British School at Athens to commemorate his fifty years in archaeology. In 1952, he was made an officer of the Patriarchal Order of St. Mark the Evangelist, Alexandria. He was also an honorary member of the Archaeological Society of Athens, the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies, and of the Royal Society of Archaeology of Alexandria. In 1953, he received the Petrie Medal,Template:Sfn awarded by the University of London for distinguished contributions to archaeology.Template:Sfn

Published works

As sole author

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Bibliography

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