Al-Mu'azzam Isa
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Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".) (1176 – 1227) was the Ayyubid Kurdish emir of Damascus from 1218 to 1227. The son of Sultan al-Adil I and nephew of Saladin, founder of the dynasty, al-Mu'azzam was installed by his father as governor of Damascus in 1198[1] or 1200.[2] After his father's death in 1218, al-Mu'azzam ruled the Ayyubid lands in Syria in his own name, down to his own death in 1227.[2] He was succeeded by his son, an-Nasir Dawud.
He was respected as a man of letters, and was interested in grammar and jurisprudence.[3] By 1204, Jerusalem was his primary residence.[1]
Legacy
He ordered and contributed to the construction and restoration of many buildings inside the Script error: No such module "lang". (the Noble Sanctuary), Jerusalem:
- Script error: No such module "anchor". Extending the Dome of the Rock terrace by 18 meters westward.Template:Refn
- Two water-distribution structures: as a donor, not as a patron (one who ordered them built):[4]
- 1210 or 1211: the Cistern of al-Muʿaẓẓam ʿĪsā, a water tank.[5]
- 1216 or 1217: the Shaʿlān Sebil, a sebil (fountain).[6]
- 1217 or 1218: restoring the arched portico of al-Aqsa Mosque's façade,[7][8] adding a pendentive dome over the main entrance.[1]
- The Market of Knowledge (Script error: No such module "lang".):[9] a Hanbalite prayer place in the southeast corner of the compound; demolished in the 19th century.[1]
- 1213-14: ten cross-vaulted bays on piers in the central section of the compound's north portico (of the compound's northern wall).[1]
- 1211-12: renovating the southeastern colonnade.Template:Refn[10]
- New door leaves for the Superintendant's Gate and Remission Gate.[1]
He founded these madrasas:
- 1207: an-Naḥawiyya Madrasa (Grammarians' Madrasa), which is on the extended terrace he made.[1][11]
- 1209–1218: al-Muʿaẓẓamīya Madrasa (al-Hanafiyya Madrasa), Jerusalem: specialized in Hanafi jurisprudence (now al-Mujāhidīn Mosque).[3]
- 1214: an-Nāṣiriyya (an-Nāṣriyya): on top of the Golden Gate; named after his uncle, Saladin (Script error: No such module "lang".). It no longer exists.[12][13]
- al-Muʿaẓẓamīya Madrasa, aṣ-Ṣāliḥiyyah, Damascus: also his family mausoleum.[14]
Furthermore, he modified the walls of Jerusalem and Damascus:
- 1202, 1203, 1212 and 1213-14: repairing Jerusalem's walls' fortifications.[1]
- 1219: dismantling Jerusalem's walls to preemptively reduce Jerusalem's military strength in case of it falling into the hands of the Crusaders.[1]
- 1226: rebuilding Damascus's city wall, likely also refortifying it with a tower at the southeastern corner.[15]
References
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