Al-Mirr
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Al-Mirr, also named Mahmudiyeh ("the property of Mahmud"),[1] was a Palestinian Arab village in the Jaffa Subdistrict, which was depopulated during the 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine on February 1, 1948.
Location
The village was located Script error: No such module "convert". northeast of Jaffa, on the southern bank of the al-'Awja river. A short, secondary track linked it to the railway line running between Ras al-Ayn and Petah Tikva.[2]
History
A mill and dam built at this site in late Roman/early Byzantine period were repaired in Crusader times. The mill was mentioned in Crusader sources in 1158/9 C.E.[3]
Excavations of the mill have recovered several 14th-century coins, which indicate that it was in use in the Mamluk period.[4]
Ottoman era
The modern village was founded during the reign of the Mahmud II (1808–39), the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, and was also known as "Al Mahmudiyya".[2] In 1856 the village was named el Mir on Kiepert's map of Palestine published that year.[5]
In 1870 Victor Guérin visited and described the village (which he called Ma'moudieh): "It contains at most two hundred inhabitants, who live in houses built of adobe. Several mills are set in motion by the cascading waterfalls along the Nahr el-A'oudjeh. A small bridge over the river makes it possible to cross it at this point".[6] An Ottoman village list from about the same year indicated 30 houses and a population of 69, though the population count included men only.[7][8]
The PEF's Survey of Western Palestine in 1882 described al-Mirr as "a small mud village, with mills close to the river."[9]
British Mandate era
During the British Mandate for Palestine, the population was recorded as 75 Muslims in the 1922 census,[10] and the village was classified as a hamlet in the Palestine Index Gazetteer.[2] In the 1931 census Mahmudiya had 101 inhabitants, still all Muslims, in 25 houses.[11]
In the 1945 statistics the population numbered 170 Muslims,[12] who worked in agriculture and with transportation. Cultivated lands in the village in 1944-45 included 2 dunums planted with citrus and bananas, and 31 dunums planted with cereals.[2][13] 2 dunams were classified as built-up areas.[14]
1948, and aftermath
Before the outbreak of the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, al-Mirr's inhabitants left on February 3, 1948, out of fear of Jewish attack.[15] According to Benny Morris, some of the inhabitants returned on February 15, but fled for the final time one month later.[15] However, according to Walid Khalidi, citing The New York Times, the villagers apparently returned yet again, as Jewish forces attacked the village in mid-May.[16] The 13 May attack would have occurred around the same time as an attack into the area by Irgun.[2]
The remains of a Turkish bridge lies where the village was.[2]
Andrew Petersen, an archaeologist specializing in Islamic architecture, visited the mill in 1991. He found that it had probably been built in several phases. Presently, it consists of a rectangular building, 60 m. NS x 10 m EW, on two levels.[17] At the lower level are at least 13 parallel water inlets. These inlets are of two different types, (indicating different construction date); a flat slab roof, and pointed vaulted roof. Between the two levels are holes in the floor, presumably this is where the millstones were connected to the turbines.[17]
See also
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References
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- ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
- ↑ a b c d e f Khalidi, 1992, p.250.
- ↑ Röhricht, 1893, RRH No 330; cited in Pringle, 1997, p. 72
- ↑ Shkolnik, 1994, p32. Cited in Petersen, 2001, p. 222
- ↑ Kiepert, 1856, Map of Southern Palestine
- ↑ Guérin, 1875, p. 371
- ↑ Socin, 1879, p. 157
- ↑ Hartmann, 1883, p. 137, noted 26 houses
- ↑ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, II:252
- ↑ Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jaffa, p. 20
- ↑ Mills, 1932, p. 14
- ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
- ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 96
- ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 146
- ↑ a b Morris, 2004, p. 129
- ↑ Khalidi, 1992, p. 250, citing The New York Times, 13.05.1948 and 13.05.1948. The NYT statement is based on British Army statement, which, according to Khalidi, incorrectly refers to the village of Antipatris
- ↑ a b Petersen, 2001, p. 222-223
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Bibliography
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- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". (pp. 192−196: "Les Trois−Ponts, Jorgilia")
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- Shkolnik, Y. (1994); Urban River, EGMI, 34, March–April, pp. 16–34, 71. Cited in Petersen, 2001.
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External links
- Welcome To al-Mirr
- al-Mirr (Mahmudiya), Zochrot
- Survey of Western Palestine, Map 13: IAA, Wikimedia commons
- Al-Mirr, from the Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center
Template:Palestinian Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestine War