Adenia

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Distinguish". Template:Use dmy dates Template:Automatic taxobox Adenia is a genus of flowering plants in the passionflower family Passifloraceae. It is distributed in the Old World tropics and subtropics.[1] The centers of diversity are in Madagascar, eastern and western tropical Africa, and Southeast Asia.[2] The genus name Adenia comes from "aden",[3] reported as the Arabic name for the plant by Peter Forsskål, the author of the genus.[4]

Description

All Adenia are perennial plants, but there are many different forms, including herbs, vines, shrubs, and trees.[5] Many are succulents and some are pachycauls. Some have fibrous root systems and some have tubers.[5] Adenia can be found in a wide variety of habitat types, from dry African deserts to wet Southeast Asian rainforests.[5] There are about 100 species in the genus.[6]

Adenia have alternately arranged leaves borne on petioles. There are two glands located near the attachment of the leaf blade to the petiole.[1] Most species are dioecious.[5] Inflorescences of a few to many flowers occur in the leaf axils. There is a stipe below the flower.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The calyx has five lobes and the five petals are usually smaller than the sepals and may be whitish or greenish. The male flower has five stamens. In the female flower these are reduced to staminodes. There are three styles tipped with stigmas that may be long-hairy to very woolly. The fruit is a red capsule. Each black seed has a fleshy aril.[1]

Adenia species can be difficult to identify and distinguish as individuals of a species can be variable. One plant can have leaves of varying shapes and sizes, and young and old specimens can have different leaf types. Some taxa are poorly represented in herbarium collections, leaving few examples to compare with new specimens. Records of some taxa lack descriptions of both (i.e. male and female) flower types. Many species only flower for a few weeks, and during this time they may also lose their leaves. Succulent plants can be difficult to properly collect and preserve.[2]

Cytology

The chromosome count of Adenia is 2n = 24 or 2n = 48.[7]

Uses

Several species are used in traditional African medicine. Various parts of A. cissampeloides are used to treat many conditions, including gastrointestinal problems, inflammation, pain, fever, malaria, leprosy, scabies, cholera, anemia, bronchitis, sexually transmitted diseases, menorrhagia, and mental illness.[8] It is used both as an abortifacient and to prevent miscarriage.[8] A. dinklagei leaves are ingested to treat palpitations. The leaves of A. tricostata are used to treat fever. The leaves or leaf sap of A. bequaertii are taken to treat headache, mental illness, and possession.[8] A. lobata stems are applied to sites of Guinea worm infection during extraction of the worm. It is also used as an enema and an aphrodisiac.[9]

A. cissampeloides is used as a fish poison and arrow poison. The red-colored sap is used as a cosmetic. The stems can be made into rope. The crushed twigs or smoke from burning roots can be used to calm honeybees during honey harvest.[8]

The leaves of A. cissampeloides are eaten as a vegetable in parts of Africa.[8]

A. digitata is cultivated as an ornamental plant for its very large, distinctive aboveground tuber.[10]

Toxicity

Many Adenia are poisonous. They contain lectins such as lanceolin, stenodactylin, and volkensin, which are toxic to cells. They cause apoptosis, hemagglutination, inhibition of protein synthesis, and depurination of ribosomes and DNA.[11] Mouse experiments with small doses of lanceolin and stenodactylin, from A. lanceolata and A. stenodactyla, respectively, revealed that they are "amongst the most potent toxins of plant origin".[12]

The fruit of A. digitata has been used in Africa to commit homicide and suicide.[10]

Species

File:Adenia fruticosa 02 ies.jpg
Adenia fruticosa
File:Adenia hondala.jpg
Adenia hondala

The following is a list of all 106 species in this genus that are accepted by Plants of the World Online since 3 July 2023Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". [13]

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  • Adenia aculeata (Oliv. ex Hook.) Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia acuta W.J.de WildeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia adenifera W.J.de WildeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia angulosa G.W.Hu & Q.F.WangScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia antongilliana (Tul.) SchinzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia ballyi Verdc.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia banaensis C.CussetScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia barthelatii M.Pignal, Yockteng, Hearn & LabatScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia bequaertii Robyns & LawalréeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia boivinii W.J.de WildeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia cardiophylla (Mast.) Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia cissampeloides (Planch. ex Hook.) HarmsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia cladosepala (Baker) HarmsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia cordifolia (Blume) Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia crassa Merr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia cynanchifolia (Benth.) HarmsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia densiflora (Baker) HarmsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia digitata (Harv.) Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia dinklagei Hutch. & DalzielScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia dolichosiphon HarmsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia ecirrosa W.J.de WildeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia elegans H.PerrierScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia ellenbeckii HarmsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia epigea H.PerrierScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia erecta W.J.de WildeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia fasciculata W.J.de WildeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia fernandesiana A.RobynsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia firingalavensis (Drake ex Jum.) HarmsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia fruticosa Burtt DavyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia gedoensis W.J.de WildeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia glauca SchinzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia globosa Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia goetzei HarmsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia gracilis HarmsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia guineensis W.J.de WildeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia gummifera (Harv.) HarmsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia hastata (Harv.) SchinzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia heterophylla (Blume) Koord.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia hondala (Gaertn.) W.J.de WildeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia huillensis (Welw.) A.Fernald & R.FernaldScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia inermis (W.J.de Wilde) W.J.de WildeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia isaloensis (H.Perrier) W.J.de WildeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia karibaensis W.J.de WildeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia keramanthus HarmsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia kigogoensis HearnScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia kinabaluensis W.J.de WildeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia kirkii (Mast.) Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia lanceolata Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia lapiazicola Bard.-Vauc.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia latipetala W.J.de WildeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia letouzeyi W.J.de WildeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia lewallei A.RobynsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia lindiensis HarmsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia litoralis HearnScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia lobata (Jacq.) Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia longistipulata W.J.de WildeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia macrophylla (Blume) Koord.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia malangeana HarmsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia mannii (Mast.) Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia mcdadiana HearnScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia metamorpha HearnScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia metriosiphon W.J.de WildeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia monadelpha H.PerrierScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia mossambicensis W.J.de WildeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia natalensis W.J.de WildeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia olaboensis ClaverieScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia ovata W.J.de WildeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia pachyphylla W.J.de WildeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia panduriformis Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia pechuelii (Engl.) HarmsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia peltata (Baker) SchinzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia penangiana (Wall. ex G.Don) W.J.de WildeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia perrieri ClavaudScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia pierrei Gagnep.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia pinnatisecta (Craib) CraibScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia poggei (Engl.) Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia poilanei C.CussetScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia pulchra M.G.Gilbert & W.J.de WildeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia pyromorpha (H.Perrier) W.J.de WildeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia racemosa W.J.de WildeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia refracta (Tul.) SchinzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia repanda (Burch.) Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia reticulata (De Wild. & T.Durand) Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia rumicifolia Engl. & HarmsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia schliebenii HarmsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia schweinfurthii Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia sphaerocarpa ClavaudScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia spinosa Burtt DavyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia staudtii HarmsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia stenodactyla HarmsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia stolzii HarmsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia stricta (Mast.) Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia stylosa (H.Perrier) HearnScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia subsessilifolia H.PerrierScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia tisserantii A.Fernald & R.FernaldScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia tricostata W.J.de WildeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia trilobata (Roxb.) Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia trisecta (Mast.) Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia tuberifera R.E.Fr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia venenata Forssk.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia viridiflora CraibScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia volkensii HarmsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia welwitschii (Mast.) Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia wightiana (Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia wilmsii HarmsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Adenia zambesiensis R.Fern. & A.Fern.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

References

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  1. ↑ a b c Adenia. Flora of China.
  2. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Peter Forsskål. Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica. 1775. page 77
  5. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Melo, N. F. D., & Guerra, M. (2021). "The karyotype of Adenia and the origin of the base number x= 12 in Passifloroideae (Passifloraceae)." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 93.
  8. ↑ a b c d e Grace, O. M. and D. Fowler. 2007. Adenia cissampeloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms. Template:Webarchive In: Schmelzer, G. H. and A. Gurib-Fakim (Eds.) Prota 11(1): Medicinal Plants/Plantes médicinales 1. PROTA, Wageningen, Netherlands.
  9. ↑ Zimudzi, C. 2007. Adenia lobata (Jacq.) Engl. Template:Webarchive In: Schmelzer, G. H. and A. Gurib-Fakim (Eds.) Prota 11(1): Medicinal Plants/Plantes médicinales 1. PROTA, Wageningen, Netherlands.
  10. ↑ a b de Ruijter, A. 2007. Adenia digitata (Harv.) Engl. In: Schmelzer, G. H. and A. Gurib-Fakim (Eds.) Prota 11(1): Medicinal Plants/Plantes médicinales 1. PROTA, Wageningen, Netherlands.
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Further reading

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