Adamantina Formation

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Infobox".Script error: No such module "check for unknown parameters". The Adamantina Formation is a geological formation in the Bauru Basin of western São Paulo state in southeastern Brazil.

Its strata date back to the Late Cretaceous epoch of the Cretaceous Period, during the Mesozoic Era. The formation is part of the Bauru Group in the northeastern Paraná Basin.

Geology

Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the Adamantina Formation.[1] According to some studies,[2][3][4][5] the Adamantina Formation dates from the Turonian to the Santonian stage (90-83.5 million years ago) of the late Cretaceous, other studies have found a much younger age - Campanian to Maastrichtian (83.5-66 million years ago) of the late Cretaceous.[6][7]

More recent studies lean into the latter category[8] and an unpublished article abstract revealed at the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in 2017 also argues that the Allen Formation, Loncoche, and Los Alamitos Formation are all contemporaries and are no later than 72.1Ma in age.[9] A zircon was found dating to 87.8 Ma, so this represents a maximum age.[10]

Geological setting

During the Early Jurassic, the supercontinent Pangea started to drift apart due to the breakup of Gondwana and Laurasia.[11] The breakup of Gondwana caused the formation of the large Parana Basin. This basin has a size of ~1,100,000km2 and can be found not only in Brazil but also in Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina.[12] The separation of the supercontinent and the breakup of Brazil and Africa was accompanied by volcanism that caused large eruptions of flood basalts. These volcanic rocks formed the Serra Geral Formation which underlies the deposits of the Bauru Group.[12]

The Bauru Basin is a trough that, as Miall (1990) argues,[13] evolved due to “thermo-mechanical subsidence” during the Late Cretaceous, probably due to the breakup of Africa and India.[11] The sediments reach a thickness of up to ~300 m and consist mainly of siliciclastic sediments.[14] The Bauru Group can be subdivided into five different formations [12][15][16][17] from bottom to top: Caiua, Santo Anastacio, Adamantina, and Uberaba. Not all formations are equally well represented in the different states and differences occur according their sedimentary composition and therefore also in their naming.[12]

Vertebrate paleofauna

Crocodylomorphs

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Crocodylomorphs of the Adamantina Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Adamantinasuchus[18] A. navae Six specimens and several isolated bone remains. A zhiphosuchian notosuhian
File:Adamantinasuchus BW.jpg
Aphaurosuchus[19] A. kaiju Skull elements and teeth. A baurusuchine baurusuchid
Armadillosuchus[20] A. arrudai A ziphosuchian notosuchian
File:Armadillosuchus.jpg
Barreirosuchus[21] B. franciscoi A peirosaurid notosuchia
Baurusuchus B. albertoi[7] A baurusuchine baurusuchid
File:Baurusuchus BW.jpg
B. pachechoi[22]
B. salgadoensis[22]
Brasileosaurus[22] B. pachecoi[22] A notosuchid notosuchian
Campinasuchus[5] C. dinizi A pissarrachampsine baurusuchid
File:Campinasuchus.png
Caipirasuchus[23] C. catanduvensis[24] A sphagesaurid notosuchian
C. paulistanus
Caryonosuchus[25] C. pricei A sphagesaurid notosuchian
Epoidesuchus[26] E. tavaresae. A peirosaurid notosuchian
Mariliasuchus M. amarali[22] Very common. Several specimens - juvenile and adults – with skulls articulated to skeletons, and many isolated materials. Eggs clutches, eggshells, and coprolites were found also. A notosuchid notosuchian
File:Mariliasuchus BW.jpg
M. robustus[27] A notosuchid notosuchian
Montealtosuchus[28] M. arrudacamposi A peirosaurid notosuchian
File:Montealtossuco.jpg
Morrinhosuchus[29] M. luziae A sphagesaurid notosuchian
File:Morrinhosuchus.jpg
Roxochampsa[30] R. paulistanus Several teeth, splenials, and dentaries. A peirosaurid notosuchian
Sphagesaurus S. huenei[22] A sphagesaurid notosuchian
S. montealtensis[6] A sphagesaurid notosuchian
Stratiotosuchus[18] S. maxhechti A baurusuchine baurusuchid
File:Stratiotosuchus maxhechti.jpg

Dinosaurs

Indeterminate dinosaur remains are known from the formation.[31]

Sauropods

Sauropods of the Adamantina Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Adamantisaurus[32]

A. mezzalirai

A lithostrotian titanosaurian
File:Adamantisaurus mezzalirai 2copia.jpg
Arrudatitan[33] A. maximus A single partially articulated skeleton. A aeolosaurin titanosaurian
File:Arrudatitan maximus profile reconstruction.jpg
Antarctosaurus A. brasiliensis Postcranial remains.[34] A colossosaurian titanosaurian
Brasilotitan B. nemophagus Raposo Tavares. A partial skeleton and dentition. A lithostrotian titanosaurian Center
Gondwanatitan G. faustoi Partial postcranial skeleton.[35] A lithostrotian titanosaurian
Maxakalisaurus[36] M. topai A fragmentary right maxilla with teeth, twelve cervical vertebrae and some cervical ribs, seven dorsal vertebrae and some dorsal ribs, a neural spine and centrum from the sacrum, six caudal vertebrae, some haemal arches, pieces of the scapulae, both sternal plates, part of the left ischium, both humeri, two metacarpals, part of the fibula, an osteoderm, and some unidentified piece A lithostrotian titanosaurian
File:MaxakalisaurusTopai Miniat.jpg

Theropods

Theropods of the Adamantina Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Abelisauridae Indet.[37] Indeterminate Fragment of right premaxilla and a tooth

Enantiornithes indet.[38]

Indeterminate

Near complete jaws and skulls
Navaornis[39] N. hesitate Complete skull and well preserved skeleton A enantiornithine bird File:Navaornis skull.webp
Noasauridae Indet. Indeterminate
Unenlagiinae indet.[40] Indeterminate A single dorsal vertebra

Squamates

Squamates of the Adamantina Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Boipeba B. tayasuensis A single precloacal vertebra A large, primitive blind snake
File:Cobra-cega.jpg
Brasiliguana B. prudentis A maxilla An Iguanian

Amphibians

Amphibians of the Adamantina Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Baurubatrachus B. santosdoroi Near Catanduva city, São Paulo.[41] Remains of two individuals.[41] A frog.
Calyptocephalellidae Indet.[42] Indeterminate
Mariliabatrachus[43] M. navai A frog.

Turtles

Turtle of the Adamantina Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Bauruemys B. brasilensis A podocnemidoid side-necked turtle
Roxochelys R. wanderleyi A podocnemididoid side-necked turtle
Yuraramirim[44] Y. montealtensis A peiropemydid side-necked turtle

Fish

Fishes of the Adamantina Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Amiidae Indet. Indeterminate
Atractosteus A. sp. A gar
Britosteus[45] B. amarildoi A gar
Dipnoi Indet. Indeterminate
Lepisosteidae Indeterminate, previously described as "Lepisosteus cominatoi"[45] A gar

Mammals

Mammals of the Adamantina Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Eutheria Indet. Indeterminate
Brasilestes[46] B. stardusti A tribosphenic mammal
Gondwanatheria Indet. Indeterminate
Meridiolestida Indet.[47] Indeterminate

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous, South America)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 600-604. Template:ISBN.
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  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ a b Rabassa, J. (2014). Some concepts on Gondwana landscapes: long-term landscape evolution, genesis, distribution and age. In Gondwana Landscapes in southern South America (pp. 9-46). Springer Netherlands.
  12. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Miall, A. D. (1990). Principles of sedimentary basin analysis (Vol. 633, p. 499). New York: Springer-Verlag.
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Souza Jr, J. J. (1984). O Grupo Bauru na porcao mais setentrional da Bacia Sedimentar do Paraná. In 33 Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, Rio de Janeiro (Vol. 2, pp. 944-957).
  17. ↑ Dias-Brito, D., Musacchio, E. A., de Castro, J. C., Maranhão, M. S. A. S., Suárez, J. M., & Rodrigues, R. (2001). Grupo Bauru: uma unidade continental do Cretáceo no Brasil-concepções baseadas em dados micropaleontológicos, isotópicos e estratigráficos. Revue de Paléobiologie, 20(1), 245-304.
  18. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ "Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 270.
  35. ↑ "Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 269.
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  47. ↑ Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska; Richard L. Cifelli; Zhe-Xi Luo (2004). "Chapter 7: Eutriconodontans". Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: origins, evolution, and structure. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 216–248. Template:ISBN.

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