Acorn-class destroyer

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HMS Fury
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The Acorn class (officially redesignated the H class in 1913) was a class of twenty destroyers of the Royal Navy all built under the 1909-1910 Programme, and completed between 1910 and 1911. The Acorns served during World War I.

Design

After the coal-burning Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". of the 1908–1909 shipbuilding programme, the British Admiralty decided to return to oil-fuelled machinery, as pioneered in the Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". of 1905 and Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". of 1907, for the destroyers to be built under the 1909–1910 programme, which became the Acorn class.[1] This change allowed a smaller vessel than the Beagles even with an increase in armament.[2][3]

While the detailed design of earlier destroyer classes was left to the builders resulting in individual ships differing considerably, this changed for the Acorns, where a standard hull design was used, allowing more shipyards to bid for orders, thus driving down costs, while reducing the time and effort required for the Admiralty to check and approve each builder's designs. Machinery design, however, was still left to the builders, although it had to fit into the space allowed in the standard design.[1][4][5] They had a reasonably uniform appearance, with three funnels, a tall, thin fore funnel, a short, thick central and a short narrow after stack.[3][6]

The ships were Script error: No such module "convert". long between perpendiculars and Script error: No such module "convert". overall, with a beam of Script error: No such module "convert". and a draught of between Script error: No such module "convert". and Script error: No such module "convert". depending on load. Displacement was Script error: No such module "convert". normal and Script error: No such module "convert". full load.[7] Nineteen of the twenty ships of the Acorn class had three propeller shafts driven by Parsons steam turbines, fed by four boilers (White-Forster boilers in the three J. Samuel White-built ships, (Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities"., Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". and Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".), Yarrow boilers in the remaining ships), with the boiler out-takes routed to three funnels. The remaining ship of the class, the John Brown & Company-built Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities"., had a two shaft arrangement powered by Brown-Curtis impulse turbines. The ships were required to reach Script error: No such module "convert"., the same speed as the Beagle class, which was expected to need Script error: No such module "convert"..[1][8][lower-alpha 1] The ships had a crew of 72 officers and men.[1]

The revised machinery layout freed up deck space, allowing heavier armament to be carried.[9] Gun armament consisted of two Script error: No such module "convert". BL Mk VIII guns,[lower-alpha 2] one on the ship's forecastle and one aft, and two 12-pounder (76 mm) QF 12 cwt guns[lower-alpha 3] carried in the waist position between the first two funnels.[1][8] Unlike the Beagles, the forecastle gun was not raised on a bandstand, as it was felt that in heavy seas this generated additional spray.[8] As with the Beagles, torpedo armament consisted of two Script error: No such module "convert". torpedo tubes, with two reload torpedoes carried, although the tubes were longer, allowing more modern torpedoes to be carried. The torpedo tubes were aft of the funnels, mounted singly with a searchlight position between them.[8] Wartime modifications included the addition of a 3-pounder (47 mm) Vickers anti-aircraft gun and depth charges.[1][10]

The Acorns were followed, in the 1910-11 Programme, by the Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". (later known as the 'I' class).

Service

File:HMS Hope.jpg
HMS Hope, c. 1914

On commissioning, between December 1910 and February 1912, the ships of the class joined the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla of the Royal Navy's Home Fleet, replacing Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".s.[1] They were officially redesignated the H class in October 1913 as part of a general re-designation of the Royal Navy's destroyers.[11]

The ships of the class remained members of the 2nd Flotilla on the outbreak of the First World War, when the flotilla became part of the Grand Fleet. Some ships of the class were sent to the Mediterranean in 1915, with all surviving ships eventually being transferred there. Two of the class (Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". and Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".) were loaned to the Imperial Japanese Navy in 1917, being renamed Sendan and Kanran, and were returned in 1919. Three ships of the class were lost during the war, one (Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".) ran aground at Start Point in Sanday, one of the Orkney Islands, in 1915, while the other two ships, Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". and Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities"., were sunk by enemy submarines in the Mediterranean.[1][12]

Following the end of the war, the Royal Navy quickly disposed of large numbers of older ships, including the Acorn class. All remaining ships of the class had been sold for scrap by the end of 1921.[12][13]

Ships

Name Builder Laid down Launch date Completed Fate
Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". John Brown and Company, Clydebank 12 January 1910 1 July 1910 December 1910.[14] Sold for breaking up 29 November 1921.[12]
Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". John Brown and Company, Clydebank 7 February 1910 29 August 1910 March 1911.[14] Sold for breaking up 9 May 1921.[12]
Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". John Brown and Company, Clydebank 21 February 1910 20 September 1910 June 1911.[14] Sold for breaking up 15 November 1921.[12]
Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". Fairfield Shipbuilding & Engineering Company, Govan 6 December 1909, 2 June 1910 December 1910.[14] Sold for breaking up 15 November 1921.[12]
Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". Fairfield Shipbuilding & Engineering Company, Govan 1 February 1910 23 June 1910 June 1911.[14] Torpedoed and sunk by Austrian U-boat in the Mediterranean 6 August 1918.[12]
Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". A. & J. Inglis, Pointhouse, Glasgow 3 March 1910 25 April 1911 February 1912.[14] Sold for breaking up 4 November 1921.[12]
Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". Fairfield Shipbuilding & Engineering Company, Govan 23 February 1910 12 July 1910 February 1911.[14] Wrecked in fog on Start Point, Sanday, Orkney on the night of 18–19 February 1915.[15]
Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson, Wallsend 9 December 1909 6 September 1910 March 1911.[14] Sold for breaking up at Malta in February 1920.[12]
Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". John I. Thornycroft & Company, Woolston 8 December 1909 23 August 1910 February 1911.[14] Sold for breaking up 9 May 1921.[12]
Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". John I. Thornycroft & Company, Woolston 8 December 1909 4 October 1910 February 1911.[14] Sold for breaking up 9 May 1921.[12]
Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". John I. Thornycroft & Company, Woolston 21 December 1909 15 December 1910 March 1911.[14] Sold for breaking up 21 August 1920 at Malta.[12]
Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". John I. Thornycroft & Company, Woolston 11 March 1910 2 February 1911 May 1911. Loaned to Imperial Japanese Navy from June 1917 to 1919 as Script error: No such module "Nihongo"..[14] Sold for breaking up 1 December 1921.[12]
Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". R. W. Hawthorn Leslie & Company, Hebburn 24 November 1911 9 August 1910 March 1911 Loaned to Imperial Japanese Navy from June 1917 to 1919 as Script error: No such module "Nihongo"..[14] Sold for breaking up 26 November 1921.[12]
Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". R. W. Hawthorn Leslie & Company, Hebburn 3 December 1912 6 September 1910 March 1911.[14] Sold for breaking up 1 December 1921.[12]
Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". R. W. Hawthorn Leslie & Company, Hebburn 8 December 1909 31 January 1911 May 1911[14] Sold for breaking up 9 May 1921.[12]
Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". J. Samuel White & Company, Cowes 10 December 1909 24 June 1910 February 1911 Sold for breaking up 9 May 1921.[12]
Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". J. Samuel White & Company, Cowes 21 December 1909 22 August 1910 March 1911.[14] Sold for breaking up 9 May 1921.[12]
Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". J. Samuel White & Company, Cowes 15 February 1910 4 November 1910 7 April 1911.[14] Sold for breaking up 9 May 1921.[12]
Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". William Denny & Brothers, Dumbarton 15 January 1910 18 January 1911 19 May 1911.[14] Sold for breaking up 9 May 1921.[12]
Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". William Denny & Brothers, Dumbarton 15 January 1910 29 October 1910 March 1911.[14] Torpedoed and sunk by German U-boat SM UC-38 off Gaza, Palestine 11 November 1917.[12][15]
File:HMS Liverpool tows HMS Audacious.jpg
Fury (dark, centre picture) and Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". try to take the sinking battleship Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". in tow. The view is from the passenger areas of the liner Olympic, 27 October 1914

References

Notes

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  1. ↑ The power needed to reach the specified speed was greater than expected in some ships, with Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". needing Script error: No such module "convert". during sea trials to reach Script error: No such module "convert".. Other ships were faster, with Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". reaching Script error: No such module "convert". with Script error: No such module "convert". and Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". reaching Script error: No such module "convert". with Script error: No such module "convert"..[8]
  2. ↑ The abbreviation BL stood for Breech Loading. In British use it also indicated that the gun used a bagged charge, with QF (Quick Firing) meaning that the gun used a charge enclosed in a metal cartridge case.
  3. ↑ "Cwt" is the abbreviation for hundredweight, 12 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.

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Citations

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  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h Gardiner and Gray 1985, p. 74.
  2. ↑ Brown 2010, p. 69.
  3. ↑ a b Manning 1961, p. 57.
  4. ↑ Brown 2010, p. 68.
  5. ↑ Friedman 2009, pp. 118–119.
  6. ↑ Friedman 2009, p. 119.
  7. ↑ Friedman 2009, p. 295.
  8. ↑ a b c d e Friedman 2009, p. 122.
  9. ↑ Friedman 2009, p. 118.
  10. ↑ Friedman 2009, p. 147.
  11. ↑ Gardiner and Gray 1985, pp. 18, 74.
  12. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Dittmar and Colledge 1972, p. 61.
  13. ↑ Gardiner and Gray 1985, p. 5.
  14. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Friedman 2009, p. 306.
  15. ↑ a b Moore 1990, p. 314.

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Bibliography

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External links

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