Abomination of desolation

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Enthroned Zeus (Greek, Template:C.)

"Abomination of desolation"Template:Efn is a phrase from the Book of Daniel describing the pagan sacrifices with which the 2nd century BC Greek king Antiochus IV Epiphanes replaced the twice-daily offering in the Jewish temple, or alternatively the altar on which such offerings were made.Template:Sfn

In the 1st century AD it was taken up by the authors of the gospels in the context of the Roman destruction of Jerusalem and the temple in the year 70,Template:Sfn with the Gospel of Mark placing the "abomination of desolation" into a speech by Jesus concerning the Second Coming.Template:Sfn It is widely accepted that Mark was the primary source used by the authors of the Gospel of Matthew and of Luke for their parallel passages,Template:Sfn with Matthew 24:15–16 adding a reference to DanielTemplate:Sfn and Luke 21:20–21 giving a description of the Roman armies ("But when you see Jerusalem surrounded by armies..."); in all three it is likely that the authors had in mind a future eschatological (i.e., end-time) event, and perhaps the activities of some antichrist.Template:Sfn

Book of Daniel

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Coin of Antiochus IV: the inscription reads "King Antiochus, God manifest, bearer of victory"

Chapters 1–6 of the Book of Daniel originated as a collection of folk tales among the Jewish community in the late 4th to early 3rd centuries BCE.Template:Sfn At that time, a lamb was sacrificed twice daily, morning and evening, on the altar of the Jewish temple in Jerusalem. In 167 BCE, Antiochus IV Epiphanes, the king of the Greek Seleucid dynasty, which then ruled Palestine, ended the practice.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn In reaction to this, the visionary chapters of Daniel, chapters 7–12, were added to reassure Jews that they would survive in the face of this threat.Template:Sfn In Daniel 8, one angel asks another how long "the transgression that makes desolate" will last. The Prophecy of Seventy Weeks in Daniel 9 tells of "the prince who is to come" who "shall make sacrifice and offering cease, and in their place shall be an abomination that desolates." Daniel's final vision appears in Daniel 11, where it tells the history of the arrogant foreign king who sets up the "abomination that makes desolate,"; and in Daniel 12, where the prophet is told how many days will pass "from the time that the regular burnt offering is taken away and the abomination that desolates is set up."Template:Sfn

One of the more popular older views was to see in the "abomination" a contemptuous deformation (or dysphemism) of the Phoenician deity Baalshamin "Lord of Heaven";Template:Sfn Philo of Byblos identified Baalshamin with the Greek sky god Zeus,Template:Sfn and as the temple in Jerusalem was rededicated in honour of Zeus (according to 2 Maccabees 6:2), older commentators tended to follow Porphyry in seeing the "abomination" in terms of a statue of the Greek sky god.Template:Sfn More recently, it has been suggested that the reference is to certain sacred stones (possibly meteorites) that were fixed to the altar of sacrifice for pagan worship,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn since the use of such stones ("baetyls") is well-attested in Canaanite and Syrian cults.Template:Sfn Both proposals have been criticized on the basis that they are too speculative, dependent on flawed analysis, or not well-suited to the relevant context in the Book of Daniel;Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn and more recent scholarship tends to see the "abomination" as a reference to either the pagan offerings that replaced the forbidden twice-daily Jewish offering (cf. Daniel 11:31, 12:11; 2 Maccabees 6:5),Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn or the pagan altar on which such offerings were made.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

New Testament

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Arch of Titus in Rome, showing spoils from the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem

In 63 BCE, the Romans captured Jerusalem and Judea became an outpost of the Roman Empire, but in 66 CE the Jews rose in revolt against the Romans as their ancestors had once done against Antiochus.Template:Sfn The resulting First Jewish–Roman War ended in 70 CE when the legions of the Roman general Titus surrounded and eventually captured Jerusalem;Template:Sfn the city and the temple were razed to the ground, and the only habitation on the site until the first third of the next century was a Roman military camp.Template:Sfn It was against this background that the gospels were written, Mark around 70 AD and Matthew and Luke around 80–85.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn It is almost certain that none of the authors were eyewitnesses to the life of Jesus,Template:Sfn and that Mark was the source used by the authors of Matthew and Luke for their "abomination of desolation" passages.Template:Sfn

Chapter 13 of the Gospel of Mark is a speech of Jesus concerning the return of the Son of Man and the advent of the Kingdom of God, which will be signaled by the appearance of the "abomination of desolation".Template:Sfn It begins with Jesus in the temple informing his disciples that "not one stone here will be left on another, all will be thrown down"; the disciples ask when this will happen, and in Mark 13:15 Jesus tells them: "[W]hen you see the abomination of desolation standing where he ought not to be (let the reader understand), then let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains" (Mark 13:14). Mark's terminology is drawn from Daniel, but the author places the fulfilment of the prophecy in their own day,Template:Sfn underlining this in Mark 13:30 by stating that "this generation will not pass away before all these things take place."Template:Sfn While Daniel's "abomination" was probably a pagan altar or sacrifice, Mark uses a masculine participle for "standing", indicating a concrete historical person: several candidates have been suggested, but the most likely is Titus.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Efn

The majority of scholars believe that Mark was the source used by the authors of Matthew and Luke for their "abomination of desolation" passages.Template:Sfn Matthew 24:15–16 follows Mark 13:14 closely: "So when you see the abomination of desolation spoken of by the prophet Daniel, standing in the holy place (let the reader understand), then let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains"; but unlike Mark, Matthew uses a neutral participle instead of a masculine one, and explicitly identifies Daniel as the text's prophetic source.Template:Sfn Luke 21:20–21 drops the "abomination" entirely: "But when you see Jerusalem surrounded by armies, then know that its desolation has come near. Then let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains, and let those who are inside the city depart, and let not those who are out in the country enter it."Template:Sfn In all three it is likely that the authors had in mind a future eschatological (i.e., end-time) event, and perhaps the activities of some antichrist.Template:Sfn

See also

• Related Bible parts: Daniel 7, Daniel 8, Daniel 11, Daniel 12, Matthew 24, Mark 13
• Abomination (Judaism)
• Apocalypticism
• Mount of Temptation
• Judgment day
• Prophecy of Seventy Weeks
• Summary of Christian eschatological differences
• Great Tribulation