ANDRILL
Template:Infobox SSSI ANDRILL (ANtarctic DRILLing Project) is a scientific drilling project in Antarctica gathering information about past periods of global warming and cooling.[1]
The project involves scientists from Germany, Italy, New Zealand, and the United States.[1][2] The project is based at McMurdo Station in Antarctica.[3] At two sites in 2006 and 2007, ANDRILL team members drilled through ice, seawater, sediment and rock to a depth over more than Script error: No such module "convert". and recovered a virtually continuous core record from the present to nearly 20 million years ago.[2] In 2010, an ANDRILL team discovered a new species of sea anemone that lives on the underside of the Ross Ice Shelf.
Work
Script error: No such module "Unsubst". In studying the cores, ANDRILL scientists from various disciplines are gathering detailed information about past periods of global warming and cooling.[2] A major goal of the project is to significantly improve the understanding of Antarctica's impact on the world's oceans currents and the atmosphere by reconstructing the behavior of Antarctic sea-ice, ice-shelves, glaciers and sea currents over tens of millions of years.[4] When sea ice forms, it pushes the salt out, creating a mass of cold, salty, dense water that sinks to the bottom of the ocean, creating deep ocean currents that affect ocean circulation and the distribution of heat worldwide.[3][5] Initial results imply rapid changes and dramatically different climates at various times on the southernmost continent.[2][6]
The $30 million project has achieved its operational goal of retrieving a continuous core record of the last 17 million years, filling crucial gaps left by previous drilling projects.[7] Making use of knowledge gained through prior Antarctic drilling projects, ANDRILL employed novel techniques to reach record depths at its two drilling sites.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Among the innovations deployed were a hot-water drilling system that allowed for easier ice-boring and a flexible drill pipe that could accommodate tidal oscillations and strong currents.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
On December 26, 2006, ANDRILL broke the previous record of Script error: No such module "convert". set in 2000 by the Ocean Drilling Program's drill ship, the Joides Resolution.[8] The record-breaking core measured Script error: No such module "convert"..[8] In 2007, drilling at the Southern McMurdo Sound, ANDRILL scientists recovered another Script error: No such module "convert". of core.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". One goal in 2006 was to look at a period of around 3 to 5 million years ago in the Pliocene, which scientists know to be warmer.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The team's sedimentologists identified more than 60 cycles in which ice sheets or glaciers advanced and retreated across McMurdo Sound.[3][9]
Geologist David Harwood, who was principal investigator and co-chief scientist of the 2007 season,[3] explained that understanding what happened in the warm period is especially important as Earth's climate continues to warm:
"If we can identify time periods in Antarctica when we had minimal ice and minimal ocean freezing, we can then look at that particular interval of time - and hopefully several examples from those intervals of time — and see how the rest of the world responded. This will provide evidence to confirm or reject a lot of interpretations that have been suggested and linked to Antarctica,"[5]
In 2010, an ANDRILL team discovered a new species of sea anemone that lives on the underside of the Ross Ice Shelf.[10] A sample was taken back to McMurdo station for further study, and the species was a bit mysterious as it was understood how it attaches itself to the ice.[10] The ANDRILL team discovered it by accident, they normally work on drilling ice cores.[10]
Virtual Field Trip
The New Zealand online education programme, LEARNZ, conducted a virtual field trip to the Ross Sea drill site in November 2006.[4] In 2007, over 3,500 New Zealand school students joined LEARNZ teacher Darren on this trip.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Telephone conferences were held between students and ANDRILL scientists from the drill site and the Crary Laboratory at McMurdo station.[11]
Media coverage
NBC's news anchor Ann Curry reported from the ANDRILL camp at the U.S. McMurdo Base for a week beginning October 2, 2007.[12] Ann Curry, reporting for a series called "Ends of the Earth," had hoped to tape at the South Pole, was held up at McMurdo due to severe weather conditions.[13] The weather broke and about 1 a.m. local time on Friday, Nov. 9, Curry and crew finally touched down at the South Pole.[13] It is not unusual for there to be flight delays to South Pole in the early part of the austral summer. [13]
References
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- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Quirin Scheirmeier, "Sediment cores reveal Antarctica's warmer past," Nature News, April 24, 2008.
- ↑ Alexandra Witze, "School of Rock," Nature, v.446, no.7132, p. 129, March 8, 2007.
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