27 Club

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File:Graffiti Tel Aviv, Khayim Ben Atar St - zoom.jpg
27 Club street mural in Tel Aviv by John Kiss, depicting several well-known members of the club in chronological order: (left to right) Brian Jones, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Jim Morrison, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Kurt Cobain, and Amy Winehouse.[1]

The 27 Club is an informal list consisting mostly of popular musicians,[2][3][4][5] often expanded by artists, actors, and other celebrities who died at age 27. Although the claim of a "statistical spike" for the death of musicians at that age has been refuted by scientific research, it remains a common cultural conception that the phenomenon exists, with many celebrities who die at 27 noted for their high-risk lifestyles.

Cultural perception

Beginning with the deaths of several 27-year-old popular musicians between 1969 and 1971 (such as Brian Jones, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and Jim Morrison), dying at the age of 27 came to be, and remains, a perennial subject of popular culture, celebrity journalism, and entertainment industry lore.[2][3] This perceived phenomenon, which came to be known as the "27 Club", attributes special significance to popular musicians, artists, actors, and other celebrities who died at age 27, often as a result of drug and alcohol abuse or violent means such as homicide, suicide, or transportation-related accidents.[6] The cultural interpretation of events gave rise to an urban myth that celebrity deaths are more common at 27, a claim that has been refuted by statistical research as discussed in the scientific studies section below.[7][4] However, a subsequent statistical analysis demonstrated that the myth itself has shaped cultural memory by boosting the visibility and cultural prominence of those who die at 27.[8] This phenomenon, deemed the "27 Club effect", reflects the power of collective storytelling and media reinforcement in turning unrelated events into lasting cultural narratives.

White lighter myth

File:White disposable cigarette lighter.jpg
A white disposable lighter

The white lighter myth or white lighter curse is an urban legend based on the 27 Club in which it is claimed several musicians and artists died while in possession of a white disposable cigarette lighter, leading such items to become associated with bad fortune.[9][10] The myth is primarily based on the deaths of Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Jim Morrison, and Kurt Cobain.[11][12] The myth has been integrated with cannabis culture.[13]

In 2017, Snopes published an article discrediting the theory, noting that Bic did not begin producing white disposable lighters until 1973, several years after the deaths of some members of the 27 Club (including Hendrix, Joplin, and Morrison) and that disposable lighters produced by other companies were not widely available at that time.[14]

History

File:Jim Morrison 1969.JPG
Jim Morrison, lead singer of the rock band the Doors and among the first people associated with the 27 Club.

Brian Jones, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and Jim Morrison all died at the age of 27 between 1969 and 1971. At the time, the coincidence gave rise to some comment,[15][16] but, according to Charles R. Cross, a biographer of Hendrix and Kurt Cobain, "it wasn't until Kurt Cobain took his own life in 1994 that the idea of the 27 Club arrived in the popular zeitgeist."[17] Cross claims that the "launch of the Club concept" can be traced to the growing influence of the Internet and sensational celebrity journalism on popular culture in the years following Cobain's death, as well as media interpretations of a statement by Cobain's mother, Wendy Fradenburg Cobain O'Connor, quoted in the local Aberdeen, Washington, newspaper The Daily World, and subsequently carried worldwide by the Associated Press: "Now he's gone and joined that stupid club. I told him not to join that stupid club."[18] Many contemporary journalists interpreted her words as referring to the infamous untimely deaths of fellow rock musicians like Hendrix, Joplin, and Morrison, a view shared by Cross and R. Gary Patterson, chronicler of rock music urban myth.[19][20][17][21]

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That's really selfish to live to 90 years old unless you have something to offer like maybe William Burroughs. I definitely don't want to be that old. I feel more bonded with the Jim Morrison type of living on the edge, rock & roll poet, in a conservative way.
–Kurt Cobain[22]

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The intended meaning of "that stupid club" referred to by Cobain's mother is disputed. In his analysis of how her quote helped popularize the 27 Club, Eric Segalstad, author of The 27s: The Greatest Myth of Rock & Roll, asserted that she was actually referring to the "tragic family matter" of Cobain's two uncles and his great-uncle, all of whom had committed suicide.[23] Other contemporary journalists linked her quote to the then-recent heroin-related deaths of fellow young Seattle rock musicians Stefanie Sargent of 7 Year Bitch and Andrew Wood of Mother Love Bone, both aged 24.[24] Cross, himself, dismissed "the absurd notion that Kurt Cobain intentionally timed his death so he could join the 27 Club", noting that Cobain "had nearly died from drug overdoses on at least two dozen occasions in the year before his death... [and] made several previous suicide attempts at various ages."[17]

In 2011, seventeen years after Cobain's death, Amy Winehouse died at the age of 27, prompting a renewed swell of media attention devoted to the 27 Club.[25] Three years earlier, Winehouse's personal assistant, Alex Haines, told the British press that Winehouse, then 25, feared she would join Jim Morrison, Brian Jones, and Kurt Cobain in dying at 27: "She reckoned she would join the 27 Club of rock stars who died at that age. She told me, 'I have a feeling I'm gonna die young.'"[26]

Scientific studies

Despite the cultural significance given to musician and celebrity deaths at age 27, the common claim that they are statistically more common at this age is an urban myth, refuted by scientific research.[2][3][4]

A study by university academics published in the British Medical Journal in December 2011 concluded that there was no increase in the risk of death for musicians at the age of 27, stating that there were equally small increases at ages 25 and 32. The study noted that young adult musicians have a higher death rate than the general young adult population, surmising that the conclusion that could be drawn is as such: "fame may increase the risk of death among musicians, but this risk is not limited to age 27".[7]

A 2014 article at The Conversation suggested that statistical evidence shows popular musicians are most likely to die at the age of 56 (2.2% compared to 1.3% at 27).[4]

In popular culture

The 27 Club frequently appears by name and reference in popular culture and mass media. Several exhibitions have been devoted to the idea, as well as novels, films, stage plays, songs, video games, and comics.[5]Template:Sfnp[27][28]

Music

File:Hendrix, Joplin and Morrison - The Atlanta Constitution (1977).jpg
Hendrix, Joplin, and Morrison have been referred to as the "holy trinity" of 1960s rock.[29] (In this newsreel, Hendrix is incorrectly identified as being 24 at the time of his death, even though he was in fact 27.)
  • The title of the song "27" by Fall Out Boy from their 2008 album Folie à Deux is a reference to the club. The lyrics explore the hedonistic lifestyles common in rock and roll. Pete Wentz, the primary lyricist of Fall Out Boy, wrote the song because he felt that he was living a similarly dangerous lifestyle.[30]
  • John Craigie's song "28", which appeared on his 2009 album Montana Tale, and 2018 live album Opening for Steinbeck, is written from the perspective of 27 Club members Jim Morrison, Janis Joplin, and Kurt Cobain, as each contemplates their respective mortality and imagines what they would do differently "if I could only make it to twenty-eight".[31][32] Craigie wrote the song when he himself was age 27.[33]
  • The theme is referenced in the song "27 Forever" by Eric Burdon, on his 2013 album 'Til Your River Runs Dry.[34]
  • Magenta's studio album The Twenty Seven Club (2013) directly references the club. Each track is a tribute to a member of the club.[35]
  • Halsey's song "Colors", from her debut album Badlands (2015), includes the line: "I hope you make it to the day you're 28 years old."[36]
  • Mac Miller's song "Brand Name", from his 2015 album GO:OD AM, features the line "To everyone who sell me drugs, don't mix it with that bullshit, I'm hopin' not to join the 27 Club." Miller died in 2018 at the age of 26 from a drug overdose, after consuming counterfeit oxycodone pills containing fentanyl.[37]
  • Frank Ocean referenced the club and the white lighter myth on the song "Nights" from his 2016 album Blonde, where he says: "No white lighters 'til I fuck my twenty-eighth up."[38]
  • JPEGMafia's album Black Ben Carson (2016) includes a song titled "The 27 Club", which the song refers to the club. He references members Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and Kurt Cobain.[39]
  • Adore Delano released a song called "27 Club" on her studio album Whatever (2017), with the repeated lyric: "All of the legends die at twenty-seven." Delano was aged 27 at the time of release.[40]
  • Juice Wrld referenced the club on his song "Legends" (2018), where he says: "What's the 27 Club? We ain't making it past 21."[41]
  • Nessa Barrett's song "La Di Die", released in collaboration with Jxdn in 2021, contains a reference to the club: "I'll be dead at 27, only nine more years to go."[42]

Video games

  • In the video game Hitman (2016), one of the in-game missions, Club 27, involves killing an indie musician who is celebrating his 27th birthday.[43]

Identified members

Because the 27 Club is entirely notional, it has no official membership. The table below lists individuals explicitly described as "members" of the 27 Club by journalists and writers in various books and publications.Template:Fact

Some deaths linked to the 27 Club pre-date its emergence as a cultural phenomenon. Blues musician Robert Johnson, who died in 1938, is one of the earliest popular musicians included by various sources.[44][45]

Despite the club's original association with the deaths of popular musicians, later sources began to link actors, artists, athletes, and other celebrities to the 27 Club. Rolling Stone included television actor Jonathan Brandis, who died by suicide in 2003, in a list of 27 Club members.[45] Anton Yelchin, who had played in a punk rock band but was primarily known as a film actor, was also described as a member of the club upon his death in 2016.[46] Likewise, Jean-Michel Basquiat has been linked to the club despite being known primarily as a painter, with his music career being relatively brief and obscure.[47]

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Purported 27 Club members
Name Date of birth Date of death Cause of death Fame Age Sources
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Not recorded Composer, pianist and conductor Template:Ayd [48]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Neurosyphilitic sclerosis Ragtime musician Template:Ayd [48]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Sepsis Poet Template:Ayd [49]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Unknown Blues singer and musician Template:Ayd [48][44]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Traffic accident, probable murder King of Iraq 1933–1939 Template:Ayd [50]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Complications from high blood pressure Swing jazz pianist Template:Ayd [48]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Unknown, alleged plane crash Cuban revolutionary Template:Ayd [51]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Car crash, suspected foul play R&B singer, pianist and songwriter Template:Ayd [48][52]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Drug overdose Vocalist of the Drifters Template:Ayd [53]
Script error: No such module "sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Heart attack R&B and gospel singer Template:Ayd Template:Sfnp
Script error: No such module "sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Car crash Vocalist of The Fabulous Wailers; recorded the earliest cover version of Richard Berry's "Louie Louie" Template:Ayd [54][55]
Script error: No such module "sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Carbon monoxide poisoning Original member and lead guitarist of Spanky and Our Gang Template:Ayd [48]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Drug overdose Rock and roll singer Template:Ayd [56]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Drowning Rolling Stones founder, guitarist and multi-instrumentalist Template:Ayd [57]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Car crash German singer Template:Ayd [58]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Fire Singer Template:Ayd [59]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Drug overdose Leader, singer and primary composer of Canned Heat Template:Ayd [48]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Asphyxia due to drug use Pioneering electric guitarist, singer and songwriter of the Jimi Hendrix Experience and Band of Gypsys Template:Ayd [60]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Drug overdose Lead vocalist and songwriter of Big Brother and the Holding Company, the Kozmic Blues Band and Full Tilt Boogie Band Template:Ayd [60]
Script error: No such module "sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Shot Frontman, vocalist and bassist of Dyke and the Blazers Template:Ayd [48]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Heart failure Singer, lyricist, and leader of the Doors Template:Ayd [60]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Electrocution Guitarist in several Scottish bands, most notably Stone the Crows Template:Ayd [48][61]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Gastrointestinal hemorrhage Founding member, keyboardist and singer of the Grateful Dead Template:Ayd [48]
Script error: No such module "sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Horseriding accident Singer and percussionist of Bloodstone Template:Ayd [48]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Drug overdose Long-term companion of Jim Morrison and heir to his estate Template:Ayd [62]
Script error: No such module "sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Plane crash Organ player of Chase Template:Ayd [48]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Pulmonary edema due to alcohol abuse Bassist of the Stooges Template:Ayd [48]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Suicide Singer, songwriter, keyboardist and guitarist, leader of Badfinger Template:Ayd [48]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Drug overdose Bassist of Uriah Heep and the Keef Hartley Band Template:Ayd [48]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Car crash Singer-songwriter Template:Ayd [63][64]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Carbon monoxide poisoning Bassist of 1970s prog rock band Triumvirat Template:Ayd [48]
André Paiement Template:Dts Template:Dts Suicide Playwright and musician, member of progressive rock band CANO 27 years, 209 days [65][66]
Barry Brown Template:Dts Template:Dts Self-inflicted gunshot Playwright, actor Template:Ayd [67]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Car crash Singer-songwriter and guitarist of power pop band Big Star and solo Template:Ayd [48]
Script error: No such module "sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Car crash Guitarist of the Count Bishops Template:Ayd Template:Sfnp[68]
Script error: No such module "sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Car crash Lead singer of Inner Circle Template:Ayd [69]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Car crash Guitarist, lead singer of punk band Minutemen Template:Ayd [48]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Defenestration, possible suicide Poet, rock musician and songwriter Template:Ayd [63]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Murder Singer, songwriter, musician, and composer Template:Ayd [70]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Drug overdose Painter and graffiti artist; formed the band Gray Template:Ayd [53]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Motorcycle accident Drummer of Echo & the Bunnymen Template:Ayd [48]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Drowning Singer of Five Go Down to the Sea? Template:Ayd [71]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Plane crash Country singer and guitarist/fiddle player for Reba McEntire Template:Ayd [72]
Script error: No such module "sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Cancer Poet, founder of the Bulgarian new wave band New Generation Template:Ayd [73]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Murder Lead singer of the Gits Template:Ayd [48]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts c.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Suicide Founding member, lead singer, guitarist and songwriter of Nirvana Template:Ayd c.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". [60]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Drug overdose Bass guitarist of Hole and Janitor Joe Template:Ayd [48]
Andrés Escobar Template:Dts Template:Dts Murder Footballer Template:Ayd [74][75][76]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Disappeared; later declared legally dead Lyricist and guitarist of Manic Street Preachers Template:Ayd [48]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Murder Rapper Template:Ayd [77]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Car crash American film and television actor Template:Ayd [48]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Murder American rapper and member of Screwed Up Click Template:Ayd [48]
Louie Spicolli Template:Dts Template:Dts Drug overdose Professional wrestler 27 years, 5 days [78]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Murder American rapper and member of the hip-hop group Lost Boyz Template:Ayd [48]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Subarachnoid hemorrhage Drummer of Malice Mizer Template:Ayd [79]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Car crash Cuarteto singer Template:Ayd [63]
Script error: No such module "sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Asphyxia Lead singer of Ink & Dagger Template:Ayd [48]
Script error: No such module "sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Plane crash Singer of Passion Fruit Template:Ayd [48]
Script error: No such module "sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Car crash Vietnamese-American actress, known for her role as Trini Kwan on Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Template:Ayd [80]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis Filipino actor Template:Ayd [48]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Drug overdose The Mars Volta and De Facto sound manipulator Template:Ayd [48]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Suicide American actor Template:Ayd [45]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Killed in action by friendly fire Professional football player and United States Army specialist Template:Ayd [81]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Glioblastoma Porn actress Template:Ayd [50]
Script error: No such module "sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Drug overdose Guitarist of American Head Charge Template:Ayd [48]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Murder Mexican banda singer Template:Ayd [48]
Script error: No such module "sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Bus accident Member of Australian deathcore band the Red Shore Template:Ayd [82]
Script error: No such module "sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Kidney failure Founding member of the R&B group 702 Template:Ayd [83]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Cervical cancer Reality-television personality Template:Ayd [46][84]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Drug overdose Artist Template:Ayd [85][86]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Alcohol poisoning Singer-songwriter Template:Ayd [57]
Script error: No such module "sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Aortic rupture Trumpet player, collaborator with Friendly Fires Template:Ayd [87]
Script error: No such module "sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Severe disease Singer for Visions of Atlantis Template:Ayd [88]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Heart failure Drag queen Template:Ayd [89]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Respiratory failure Footballer Template:Ayd [90]
Script error: No such module "Sort". August 11, 1987 December 10, 2014 Road accident Pop artist and actress 27 years, 121 days [91]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Asthma attack Businessman Template:Ayd [92][93][94]
Script error: No such module "sort". May 1988 Template:Dts Car crash bassist of Viola Beach 27 years, 9 months [95]
Script error: No such module "sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Cancer Guitarist of Surfer Blood Template:Ayd [88]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Car crash Actor, Chekov in the Star Trek reboot series Template:Ayd [46]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Diabetes Russian rapper Template:Ayd [96]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Suicide Vocalist and lyricist of Shinee Template:Ayd [97][98]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Idiopathic epilepsy American rapper Template:Ayd [99][100]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Asphyxia due to drug use American professional baseball starting pitcher Template:Ayd [101]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Suicide Elvis Presley's grandson, son of Lisa Marie Presley and brother of Riley Keough Template:Ayd [101]
Script error: No such module "sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Asthma attack provoked by the use of alcohol and antidepressants Russian rapper Template:Ayd [102]
Script error: No such module "sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Suicide Korean actress Template:Ayd [103]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Suicide Russian battle rapper Template:Ayd [104]
Script error: No such module "sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Overdose Russian rapper Template:Ayd [105]
Script error: No such module "sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Myocardial infarction and Ventricular fibrillation Singer, actor, and composer Template:Ayd [106][107]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Undetermined Nigerian rapper Template:Ayd [108]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Motorcycle accident Actor Template:Ayd [109][110]
Script error: No such module "Sort". Template:Dts Template:Dts Undetermined Rapper Template:Ayd [111][112]

See also

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References

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  2. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  69. ↑ |title="The List: 7 rarely mentioned musicians of the 27 Club"|url="https://triad-city-beat.com/7-rarely-mentioned-musicians-27-club/"
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  105. ↑ Yung Trappa умер. Rest in peace
  106. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  107. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  108. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  109. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  110. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  111. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  112. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Bibliography

Template:Superstitions Template:Urban legends

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