1992 European Community Monitor Mission helicopter downing

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The 1992 European Community Monitor Mission helicopter downing was an incident that occurred on 7 January 1992, during the Croatian War of Independence, in which a European Community Monitor Mission (ECMM) helicopter carrying five European Community (EC) observers was downed by a Yugoslav Air Force Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21, in the airspace above the village of Podrute, near Novi Marof, Croatia. An Italian and a French officer and three Italian non-commissioned officers were killed. Another ECMM helicopter flying in formation with the attacked helicopter made an emergency landing. The second helicopter carried a crew and a visiting diplomat, all of whom survived. The incident was condemned by the United Nations Security Council and the EC. As a result of the incident, the Yugoslav authorities suspended the head of the air force, and the Yugoslav defense minister, General Veljko Kadijević, resigned his post. The events followed the end of the first stage of the war in Croatia and closely preceded the country's international recognition.

The MiG-21 pilot, Lieutenant Emir Šišić, an ethnic Bosniak, disappeared after the incident. He was tried in absentia together with his superiors by Croatian authorities, convicted, and sentenced to extended imprisonment. Šišić was subsequently arrested in Hungary in 2001 and extradited to Italy, where he was tried, convicted and sentenced to 15 years in prison. In 2006, he was turned over to Serbia for the remainder of the sentence, but was released in 2008. Two other Yugoslav officers were tried in absentia in Italy and convicted in 2013, while Serbia was ordered to pay monetary damages to the victims' families. The victims were posthumously decorated by Italy and France.

Background

In 1990, following the electoral defeat of the government of the Socialist Republic of Croatia, ethnic tensions worsened. The Yugoslav People's Army (Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija – JNA) confiscated Croatia's Territorial Defence (Teritorijalna obrana - TO) weapons to minimize resistance.Template:Sfn On 17 August, the tensions escalated into an open revolt by Croatian Serbs,Template:Sfn centered on the predominantly Serb-populated areas of the Dalmatian hinterland around Knin,Template:Sfn parts of the Lika, Kordun, Banovina and eastern Croatia.Template:Sfn

Following the Pakrac clash between Serb insurgents and Croatian special police in March 1991,Template:Sfn the conflict had escalated into the Croatian War of Independence.Template:Sfn The JNA stepped in, increasingly supporting the Croatian Serb insurgents.Template:Sfn In early April, the leaders of the Croatian Serb revolt declared their intention to integrate the area under their control, known as SAO Krajina, with Serbia.Template:Sfn In May, the Croatian government responded by forming the Croatian National Guard (Zbor narodne garde - ZNG),Template:Sfn but its development was hampered by a United Nations (UN) arms embargo introduced in September.Template:Sfn The Brioni Agreement established an observer mission which was eventually called the European Community Monitor Mission (ECMM). The mission was tasked with monitoring the disengagement of belligerents in the Ten-Day War in neighbouring Slovenia,Template:Sfn and the withdrawal of the JNA from Slovenia.Template:Sfn However, on 16 August, an ECMM helicopter was hit by Croatian Serb gunfire in western Slavonia, injuring one of the pilots.Template:Sfn This caused the ECMM's scope of work to be formally expanded to include Croatia on 1 September.Template:Sfn

On 8 October, Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia,Template:Sfn and a month later the ZNG was renamed the Croatian Army (Hrvatska vojska - HV).Template:Sfn The fiercest fighting of the war occurred around this time, when the 1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia culminated in the Siege of Dubrovnik,Template:Sfn and the Battle of Vukovar.Template:Sfn In November, Croatia, Serbia and the JNA agreed upon the Vance plan entailing a ceasefire, protection of civilians in specific areas designated as United Nations Protected Areas, and the presence of UN peacekeepers in Croatia.Template:Sfn The ceasefire came into effect on 3 January 1992.Template:Sfn In December 1991, the European Community (EC) announced its decision to grant formal diplomatic recognition to Croatia as of 15 January 1992.Template:Sfn

Incident

File:Austria Radar plot 07 Jan. 1992.jpg

Austrian Armed Forces radar plot of the incident. Toponyms marked are Čakovec, Varaždin and Grana.

On 7 January 1992, a pair of Italian Army Agusta-Bell AB-206L LongRanger helicopters operated by ECMM observers entered Croatian air space from Hungary.Template:Sfn The helicopters were painted white and unarmed.Template:Sfn They were flying from the Yugoslav capital of Belgrade to Zagreb via Kaposvár, Hungary.Template:Sfn Authorities in Belgrade claim the helicopters were authorised to fly to Hungary, but that the pilots were warned they were not allowed to fly to Zagreb because no flights in Croatian airspace were permitted.Template:Sfn The EC dismissed those claims, saying that the flight was approved in advance by Yugoslav air controllers.Template:Sfn The approval was forwarded to the Yugoslav Air Force operations centre, but the order was never forwarded to the 5th Aviation Corps in Bihać, Bosnia and Herzegovina.Template:Sfn

File:Agusta-Bell AB-206A MM80868 Esercito.jpg

An Italian Army Agusta-Bell AB-206 similar to the one involved in the incident

After the two helicopters were spotted by a Yugoslav Air Force tracking radar near Bihać, a pair of Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21s, which were on standby at the Željava Air Base near Bihać, were ordered to take off and intercept the aircraft.Template:Sfn The MiG-21s, assigned to the 125th Squadron of the 117th Fighter Aviation Regiment,Template:Sfn were piloted by Lieutenant Emir Šišić and Captain Danijel Borović.Template:Sfn However, Borović declared that his aircraft had a problem with its engine, and Šišić took off alone. Šišić was guided to the incoming helicopters at an altitude of , and then ordered to make a full circle with his jet. As he turned around, he spotted the helicopters flying below his plane, at an altitude of . Šišić requested further orders and was told to shoot the helicopters down.Template:Sfn The order was issued by the duty officer at the Željava Air Base, Lieutenant Colonel Dobrivoje Opačić.Template:Sfn

Šišić pursued the helicopters, firing shots in front of the helicopters, but his aircraft was not armed with tracer ammunition and the helicopter pilots were not able to observe that they were fired upon. Flying at a speed of , he switched to missiles and registered that the missile seekers had acquired the targets.Template:Sfn Šišić fired two infrared homing R-60 missiles.Template:Sfn One of the missiles flew between the two helicopters, while the other struck the engine of the lead helicopter.Template:Sfn The helicopter was shot down near the village of Podrute, located in an area administered by the city of Novi Marof, north of Zagreb.Template:Sfn The second helicopter had to crash-land to evade the attack.Template:Sfn

Aftermath

Five ECMM observers were killed in the attack, including four Italians and one Frenchman.Template:Sfn The victims were Lieutenant Colonel Enzo Venturini, helicopter pilot, Staff Sergeant Marco Matta, co-pilot, Sergeant Major Fiorenzo Ramacci, Sergeant Major Silvano Natale, and Ship-of-the-line Lieutenant Jean-Loup Eychenne.Template:Sfn The Italian personnel were drawn from the 5th Army Aviation Regiment "Rigel". The second helicopter carried a diplomat and three Italian ECMM observers, none of whom were harmed.Template:Sfn The crash site was toured by the police, ECMM staff and journalists,Template:Sfn and EC representatives visited Belgrade to receive a report on the incident from Yugoslav authorities. The action of the Yugoslav Air Force was condemned by the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe,Template:Sfn the United Nations Security Council,Template:Sfn and the EC Council of Ministers. The Italian ambassador to Yugoslavia was recalled to Rome for consultations. Subsequently, Italy cancelled an air traffic agreement with Yugoslavia, causing Jat Airways to cancel Belgrade–Rome flights.Template:Sfn In addition, ECMM operations were suspended for several days.Template:Sfn

Yugoslav Ministry of Defence announced that it had initiated criminal proceedings against an officer, with four other officers facing military disciplinary action.Template:Sfn The commander of the Yugoslav Air Force, Colonel General Zvonko Jurjević was suspended.Template:Sfn The federal defense minister, General Veljko Kadijević officially apologized for the incident and resigned his post.Template:Sfn Šišić was court-martialled in Belgrade in 1992, and acquitted based on claims that he shot at a ZNG helicopter illegally escorting the two ECMM helicopters.Template:Sfn In a 2008 interview, Šišić claimed that the ECMM helicopter crashed after being hit by a fireball caused by the exploding third helicopter.Template:Sfn His account is contradicted by crash scene eyewitnesses,Template:Sfn as well as Željava Air Base radar data, both of which indicate that only two aircraft were flying to Zagreb.Template:Sfn

Šišić and Opačić were tried in absentia in Croatia, and both were convicted and sentenced to 20 years in prison. Borović, who defected to Croatia a month after the attack, testified against Šišić.Template:Sfn Šišić was arrested by Hungarian police at the Horgoš–Röszke border crossing on 9 May 2001.Template:Sfn His extradition was requested by both Croatia and Italy. He was ultimately extradited to Italy in June 2002, where he was subsequently tried, convicted, and sentenced to 15 years in prison for five counts of homicide and causing an aircraft disaster. In 2006, he was transferred to Serbia for the remainder of the prison term.Template:Sfn He was released by Serbian authorities in May 2008.

In 2013, the Appeals Court in Rome tried Opačić, General Ljubomir Bajić, commander of the 5th Aviation Corps, and Colonel Božidar Martinović, head of the Yugoslav Air Defence operational centre in Belgrade in absentia for the attack. Opačić and Bajić were convicted and each sentenced to 28 years in prison, while Martinović was acquitted. The court also ordered Serbia to pay compensation to families of those killed in the attack, in the provisional amount of 950,000 Euros.Template:Sfn In a 2008 interview, Šišić said he regretted the deaths of the crew but felt no remorse for his actions.Template:Sfn

On 25 May 1993, Italy posthumously decorated the four Italian ECMM observers killed in the attack with the Gold Medal of Military Valor, and the surviving three Italians aboard the second helicopter with the Silver Medal of Military Valor.Template:Sfn Eychenne was posthumously promoted to lieutenant commander effective 7 January 1992, and attributed Mort pour la France on 14 April of the same year. He was decorated as the Chevalier of the Legion of Honour.Template:Sfn The incident is commemorated annually in Podrute and the ceremonies held there are regularly attended by representatives of the Croatian government and military, representatives of Italian and French Armed Forces, along with European Union, French and Italian diplomats.Template:Sfn

References

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Other sources