1955 in spaceflight

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Template:Short description Template:Use American English Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Template:Infobox Year in spaceflight Template:Infobox spaceflight

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In 1955, both the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR) announced plans for launching the world's first satellites during the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957–58. Project Vanguard, proposed by the US Navy, won out over the US Army's Project Orbiter as the satellite and rocket design to be flown in the IGY. Development of Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles, the Atlas by the US and the R-7 by the USSR, accelerated, entering the design and construction phase.

Both the US and USSR continued to launch a myriad of sounding rockets to probe the outer reaches of Earth's atmosphere and to take quick glimpses of the sun beyond the obscuring layers of air. The Aerobee Hi, first launched in April, promised a comparatively low cost alternative to other high altitude sounding rockets. The State University of Iowa meanwhile experimented with balloon-launched rockoons on its fourth expedition into the Atlantic Ocean.

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Space exploration highlights

Sounding Rockets

File:Aerobee Hi launch, 550421.jpg
First Aerobee Hi launch, 21 April 1955

The Aerobee family of rockets expanded considerably this year, both in variety and capability. Most significant was the introduction of the Aerobee-Hi, doubling the altitude range of the Aerobee sounding rocket from Template:Cvt to Template:Cvt and increasing the payload carried from Template:Cvt to Template:Cvt. Able to probe the upper atmosphere, its $30,000 per flight price tag compared favorably to that of its high altitude contemporaries, the Viking and the Bumper;[1] at least one 1955 Aerobee-Hi flight returned scientific data.[2]<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[a] Other, less capable, Aerobee rockets still lofted instruments beyond the Script error: No such module "convert". boundary of space (as defined by the World Air Sports Federation)[3] returning spectra of the Sun in ultraviolet and investigating atmospheric airglow.[4][5][6]

The Viking series of rockets wrapped up with the flight of Viking 12, launched 4 February 1955. Reaching an altitude of Template:Cvt, the rocket's K-25 camera snapped an infrared picture of the Southwestern United States, from the Pacific coast to Phoenix, just after reaching its apogee.[7]

A number of sounding rockets based on the Nike booster (used as the first stage in various anti-aircraft missiles),[8] were developed and launched. Just one, the 5 April Nike-Deacon flight, breached the limits of space. The Soviet Union launched three R-1E sounding rocket variants of its R-1 missile (a copy of the German V-2), all carrying dogs as biological payloads.<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[b]

<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>a (the mission date has not yet been determined) <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>b (see table below for details and citations)

Fourth Atlantic Rockoon expedition

Members of the State University of Iowa (SUI) physics department embarked September 1955 on their fourth naval expedition into the Atlantic Ocean to survey the distribution of cosmic rays and auroral radiation by latitude using balloon-launched rockets (rockoons). The team leader was Frank B. McDonald, formerly of the University of Minnesota. Their vessel was the USS Ashland, a World War 2 era Dock landing ship originally used to transport and launch landing craft and amphibious vehicles. Two research teams with the Naval Research Laboratory also sailed on the Ashland. In addition to the Deacon-equipped rockoons that had been used on the prior expeditions, the SUI team experimented with Loki I rockets launched from balloons. The new vehicle worked perfectly, the first being launched 23 September.

This set the stage for the most ambitious missions of the cruise: the launchings of two two-stage Loki I/Deacon rockoons. The first was a failure, the smaller Loki second stage failing to separate from the Deacon. On the second attempt, both stages fired properly. However, two and a half seconds after second stage ignition, telemetry from the rocket abruptly stopped. Professor James Van Allen, head of the SUI physics department, determined that the thin aluminum nosecone on the rocket had melted due to the incredible friction encountered at its speed of more than Template:Cvt per hour. Had it reached its target altitude, Van Allen later stated, it might well have discovered the Van Allen Belts two and a half years before the missions of Explorer 1 and Explorer 3. As it turned out, no more Loki/Deacon missions were attempted.[9]Template:Rp

Spacecraft development

Preparation for the International Geophysical Year (IGY)

The origin of the International Geophysical Year can be traced to the International Polar Years held in 1882–1883, then in 1932–1933 and most recently from March 2007 to March 2009. On 5 April 1950, several top scientists (including Lloyd Berkner, Sydney Chapman, S. Fred Singer, and Harry Vestine), met in James Van Allen's living room and suggested that the time was ripe to have a worldwide Geophysical Year instead of a Polar Year, especially considering recent advances in rocketry, radar, and computing.[10] Berkner and Chapman proposed to the International Council of Scientific Unions that an International Geophysical Year (IGY) be planned for 1957–58, coinciding with an approaching period of maximum solar activity.[11][12] In 1952, the IGY was announced.[13]

In January 1955, Radio Moscow announced that the Soviet Union might be expected to launch a satellite in the near future. This announcement galvanized American space efforts; in the same month, the National Academy of Sciences' IGY committee established a Technical Panel on Rocketry to evaluate plans to orbit an American satellite. Already under consideration was Project Orbiter,[14]Template:Rp an Army plan to use a slightly modified Redstone (a Script error: No such module "convert".) range surface-to-surface missile developed the prior year)[15] combined with upper stages employing 31 Loki solid-propellant rockets could put a Template:Cvt satellite into orbit, which could be tracked optically.[14]

On 26 May 1955, the U.S. National Security Council also endorsed a satellite program. On 8 June, United States Secretary of Defense Charles Wilson directed Assistant Secretary Donald A. Quarles to coordinate the implementation of a satellite program, with the United States Department of Defense providing the rocket and launch facilities, and the civilian IGY National Committee producing the satellite and its experimental package, the National Science Foundation mediating between the two agencies. A committee, under the chairmanship of Homer J. Stewart of Jet Propulsion Laboratory, was developed to manage the project to evaluate and choose between the available satellite orbiting options. Project Orbiter now had competition in the form of the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) plan to develop an orbital capability for its Viking rocket (Project Vanguard), even though the Loki upper stage rockets had been replaced with higher powered Sergeants. On 28 July, confident that a satellite could be lofted during the IGY, President Dwight D. Eisenhower's press secretary, James Hagerty, announced that a satellite would officially be among the United States' contributions to the IGY. The Soviets responded four days later with their own announcement of a planned IGY satellite launch.[14]Template:Rp

By 9 September, the Stewart Committee had chosen the NRL proposal over the Army's citing the Navy's impressive planned Minitrack communications technology and network as well as both the civilian nature and the greater growth potential of the Viking/Vanguard rocket. The contract authorizing the construction of two more Viking rockets (13 and 14) was expanded to include development of the Vanguard rockets.[14]Template:Rp NRL received the assignment to develop the Vanguard satellite in early October.[9]Template:Rp

United States

In January 1955, Convair was awarded a long-term government contract for the development of the Atlas, America's first ICBM, beginning Phase Three: detail design and development. With the increasing availability of smaller, lighter thermonuclear weapons, the Atlas design could reach a desired range of Template:Cvt while using just three engines (original plans had contemplated five). Work on the Atlas accelerated in response to a secret report made in February 1955[16]Template:Rp by James Rhyne Killian to the National Security Council on Soviet rocket progress; in December 1955, Atlas was made the highest-priority project in the nation. In addition, after the issuance of the Killian report, a second ICBM, the Titan, was authorized, along with the Thor Intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM), this latter rocket using many of the systems already being developed for Atlas.[17] All three of these missiles were adapted into workhorse orbital delivery rockets,[18]Template:Rp the Atlas offered as a backup alternative to both the Redstone and the Vanguard as an IGY launching vehicle.[14]Template:Rp

Also authorized in the wake of the Killian report was the U.S. Army's Jupiter IRBM proposal, which was to be jointly developed by the U.S. Navy for use on vessels (the Navy dropped out of the project late the following year). The Jupiter also ultimately became a space launcher under the designation Juno II.[19]

Soviet Union

R-7 rocket
R-7 rocket

The single-stage R-5 missile completed its test launch series and entered operational service in 1955; it was able to carry the same Script error: No such module "convert". payload as its shorter ranged predecessors, the R-1 and R-2 but over a distance of Script error: No such module "convert".. Work then proceeded on an upgrade designated R-5M, with similar launch mass and range, but designed to carry a nuclear warhead.[20]Template:Rp This rocket, which would be the world's first nuclear missile, was a stopgap weapon pending the development of an ICBM, the development of both of which had been decreed by the USSR Council of Ministers in late 1953.[20]Template:Rp

This ICBM was the R-7, whose design began in 1954. Initially contemplated as a two-stage design, the R-7 ultimately employed a cluster of four strapon boosters around a central rocket (or "sustainer"). For the first time, Soviet engineers were developing a rocket with more than a single combustion chamber (in the case of the R-7, there were 32). This ambitious project was the joint effort of three design entities: OKB-1, responsible for the general hydraulic system, NII-885, managing the general electrical system, and OKB-456, developing the engines' layout and thrust sequence.[20]Template:Rp In 1955, after the traditional launch pad proved to be unusable for the R-7, a plan was advanced to suspend the sustainer at the launch site, attaching the strapon cluster there; the entire assembly would be suspended by the launch facility rather than resting on the ground.[20]Template:Rp The first test launches were planned for 1957. The site for these launches, decided 12 February 1955, was Ministry of Defense Scientific-Research and Test Firing Range No.5 (NIIP-5), located in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (now Kazakhstan) near the Syr-Darya river. The town of Baikonur grew to support the facility.[20]Template:Rp

Though the R-7 was developed explicitly as a nuclear missile, OKB-1's head Sergei Korolev already had plans to utilize the rocket for delivering satellites into orbit. At a private meeting on 30 August 1955, Korolev proposed this possibility Vasily Ryabikov, chairman of the Military Industrial Meeting. This suggestion culminated in the governmental resolution of January 1956 calling for the production of the Soviet Union's first satellite.[20]Template:Rp

Launches

Template:Flatlist

January

Template:Sronly
Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks
4 January Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 4 January Successful[21]
6 January Template:FlagiconR-5 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 6 January Successful[22]
8 January Template:FlagiconR-5 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 8 January Successful[22]
15 January Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 15 January Successful[21]
17 January Template:FlagiconR-5 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 17 January Successful[22]
20 January Template:FlagiconR-5M Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 20 January Successful
Maiden flight of the R-5M[22]
21 January Template:FlagiconR-5 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 21 January Successful[22]
22 January
00:54 		Template:FlagiconAerobee RTV-A-1a USAF 51 Template:FlagiconHolloman LC-A Template:FlagiconUS Air Force
Template:FlagiconSodium Release 1 AFCRC Suborbital Aeronomy 22 January Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[23]Template:Rp
22 January Template:FlagiconR-5 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 22 January Successful[22]
25 January Template:FlagiconR-1E Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Biological 25 January Successful
Maiden flight of the R-1E, carried dogs[24]
25 January Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 25 January Successful[21]
28 January Template:FlagiconR-1 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 28 January Successful[25]
29 January Template:FlagiconR-1 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 29 January Successful[25]
29 January Template:FlagiconR-5 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 29 January Successful[22]
31 January Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 31 January Successful[21]

February

Template:Sronly
Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks
1 February Template:FlagiconR-5 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 1 February Successful[22]
3 February Template:FlagiconR-1 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 3 February Successful[25]
4 February
21:55 		Template:FlagiconViking (second model) Template:FlagiconWhite Sands LC-33 Template:FlagiconUS Navy
Template:FlagiconViking 12 NRL Suborbital REV test / Photography / Aeronomy 4 February Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[26]
5 February Template:FlagiconR-1E Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Biological 5 February Partial Failure
Carried dogs, not recovered[24]
7 February Template:FlagiconR-1 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 7 February Successful[25]
7 February Template:FlagiconR-5 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 7 February Successful[22]
7 February
18:51 		Template:FlagiconAerobee RTV-A-1a USAF 52 Template:FlagiconHolloman LC-A Template:FlagiconUS Air Force
AFCRC / University of Utah Suborbital Ionospheric 7 February Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[23]Template:Rp
8 February Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 8 February Successful[21]
8 February Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 8 February Successful[21]
9 February Template:FlagiconR-5M Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 9 February Successful[22]
10 February
22:38 		Template:FlagiconAerobee RTV-A-1a USAF 53 Template:FlagiconHolloman LC-A Template:FlagiconUS Air Force
AFCRC / University of Utah Suborbital Ionospheric 10 February Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[23]Template:Rp
14 February Template:FlagiconR-5M Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 14 February Successful[22]
21 February
18:25 		Template:FlagiconAerobee RTV-N-10c NRL 29 Template:FlagiconWhite Sands LC-35 Template:FlagiconUS Navy
NRL Suborbital Solar UV 21 February Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert"., maiden flight of the RTV-N-10c;[27] obtained UV spectrum in 30 second exposure over range 977 to 1817 A. Used University of Colorado biaxial pointer to keep camera trained on the Sun.[4]
25 February Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 25 February Successful[21]
28 February Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 28 February Successful[21]

March

Template:Sronly
Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks
1 March Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 1 March Successful[21]
2 March Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 2 March Successful[21]
19 March
06:00 		Template:FlagiconAerobee RTV-N-10 NRL 26 Template:FlagiconWhite Sands LC-35 Template:FlagiconUS Navy
NRL Suborbital Airglow 19 March Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[27]
21 March Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 21 March Successful[21]
29 March
16:47 		Template:FlagiconAerobee RTV-A-1a USAF 54 Template:FlagiconHolloman LC-A Template:FlagiconUS Air Force
AFCRC / University of Colorado Suborbital Solar UV 29 March Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[23]Template:Rp

April

Template:Sronly
Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks
4 April Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 4 April Successful[21]
8 April Template:FlagiconR-1 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 8 April Successful[25]
8 April Template:FlagiconNike-Nike-Tri-Deacon-T40 Template:FlagiconWallops Island Template:FlagiconNACA
NACA Suborbital REV test 8 April Launch failure
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert"., maiden (and only) flight of the Nike-Nike-Tri-Deacon-T40[28]
8 April
15:19 		Template:FlagiconNike-Deacon DAN-1 Template:FlagiconWallops Island Template:FlagiconUS Air Force
US Air Force Suborbital Test flight 8 April Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert"., maiden flight of the Nike-Deacon[29]
9 April Template:FlagiconR-1 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 9 April Successful[25]
12 April Template:FlagiconR-1 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 12 April Successful[25]
15 April Template:FlagiconR-1 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 15 April Successful[25]
21 April
15:58 		Template:FlagiconAerobee Hi USAF 55 Template:FlagiconHolloman LC-A Template:FlagiconUS Air Force
AFCRC Suborbital Test flight 21 April Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert"., maiden flight of the AJ11-6 Aerobee Hi (USAF variant)[23]Template:Rp
29 April Template:FlagiconR-5M Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 29 April Partial Failure[22]

May

Template:Sronly
Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks
18 May Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 18 May Successful[21]
20 May Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 20 May Successful[21]
20 May Template:FlagiconR-5M Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 20 May Successful[22]
26 May Template:FlagiconR-5M Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 26 May Successful[22]
28 May Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 28 May Successful[21]
31 May Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 31 May Successful[21]

June

Template:Sronly
Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks
1 June Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 1 June Successful[21]
6 June Template:FlagiconR-5M Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 6 June Successful[22]
15 June Template:FlagiconR-5M Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 15 June Successful[22]
16 June
01:11 		Template:FlagiconAerobee AJ10-27 USAF 56 Template:FlagiconHolloman LC-A Template:FlagiconUS Air Force
Holloman Air Development Center Suborbital Classified 16 June Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert"., maiden flight of the Aerobee AJ10-27[23]Template:Rp
18 June Template:FlagiconR-1 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 18 June Successful[25]
20 June Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 20 June Successful[21]
22 June Template:FlagiconR-5M Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 22 June Successful[22]
23 June Template:FlagiconR-5M Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 23 June Successful[22]
23 June Template:FlagiconNike-Nike-T40-T55 Template:FlagiconWallops Island Template:FlagiconNACA
NACA Suborbital Heat transfer REV test 23 June Launch failure
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[30]
23 June
12:47 		Template:FlagiconAerobee Hi USAF 57 Template:FlagiconHolloman LC-A Template:FlagiconUS Air Force
AFCRC Suborbital Test flight 23 June Launch failure
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert"., premature burnout at 23 seconds[23]Template:Rp
24 June Template:FlagiconR-1 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 24 June Successful[25]
24 June
18:04 		Template:FlagiconNike-Deacon DAN-2 Template:FlagiconWallops Island Template:FlagiconUS Air Force
NACA Suborbital Aeronomy 24 June Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[29]
28 June Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 28 June Successful[21]
28 June Template:FlagiconR-5M Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 28 June Successful[22]
30 June Template:FlagiconR-5M Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 30 June Successful[22]

July

Template:Sronly
Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks
1 July Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 1 July Successful[21]
7 July Template:FlagiconR-5M Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 7 July Successful[22]
8 July
08:39 		Template:FlagiconAerobee RTV-N-10 NRL 23 Template:FlagiconWhite Sands LC-35 Template:FlagiconUS Navy
NRL Suborbital Ionospheric 8 July Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[27]
9 July Template:FlagiconR-5M Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 9 July Successful[22]
13 July
06:59 		Template:FlagiconAerobee RTV-N-10a NRL 23 Template:FlagiconWhite Sands LC-35 Template:FlagiconUS Navy
NRL Suborbital Aeronomy 13 July Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert"., maiden flight of the Aerobee RTV-N-10a[27]
15 July Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 15 July Successful[21]
25 July Template:FlagiconR-1 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 25 July Successful[25]
26 July Template:FlagiconR-1 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 26 July Successful[25]
26 July Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 26 July Successful[21]
29 July Template:FlagiconR-1 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 29 July Successful[25]

August

Template:Sronly
Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks
1 August Template:FlagiconR-1 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 1 August Successful[25]
1 August Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 1 August Successful[21]
3 August Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 3 August Successful[21]
6 August Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 6 August Successful[21]
8 August Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 8 August Successful[21]
9 August Template:FlagiconR-5M Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 9 August Successful[22]
12 August Template:FlagiconR-5M Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 12 August Successful[22]
16 August Template:FlagiconR-5M Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 16 August Partial Failure[22]
24 August Template:FlagiconR-1 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 24 August Successful[25]
24 August Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 24 August Successful[21]
25 August Template:FlagiconR-1 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 25 August Successful[25]
25 August
13:00 		Template:FlagiconAerobee Hi NRL 37 Template:FlagiconWhite Sands LC-35 Template:FlagiconUS Navy
NRL Suborbital Test flight 25 August Launch failure
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert"., maiden flight of the Aerobee Hi (NRL variant), Navy designation: RTV-N-13[27]
26 August Template:FlagiconX-17 Template:FlagiconCape Canaveral LC-3 Template:FlagiconUS Air Force
ARDC Suborbital Test flight 26 August Launch failure
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert"., maiden flight of the X-17[31]
27 August Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 27 August Successful[21]
30 August Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 30 August Successful[21]
31 August Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 31 August Successful[21]

September

Template:Sronly
Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks
14 September
13:30 		Template:FlagiconAerobee AJ10-27 USAF 58 Template:FlagiconHolloman LC-A Template:FlagiconUS Air Force
AFCRC / University of Michigan Suborbital Aeronomy 14 September Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[23]Template:Rp
15 September Template:FlagiconHJ-Nike Template:FlagiconWallops Island Template:FlagiconNACA
NACA Suborbital Test flight 15 September Launch failure
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert"., maiden flight of the HJ-Nike[32]
19 September Template:FlagiconR-5M Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 19 September Successful[22]
23 September Template:FlagiconR-5M Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 23 September Successful[22]
23 September Template:FlagiconX-17 Template:FlagiconCape Canaveral LC-3 Template:FlagiconUS Air Force
ARDC Suborbital Test flight 23 September Launch failure
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[31]
23 September
20:34 		Template:FlagiconLoki Rockoon SUI 38 Template:FlagiconScript error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities"., Atlantic Ocean, near Nova Scotia Template:FlagiconUS Navy
University of Iowa Suborbital Ionospheric / Aeronomy 23 September Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[33]
24 September
16:35 		Template:FlagiconDeacon Rockoon SUI 39 Template:FlagiconUSS Staten Island, Atlantic Ocean, near Nova Scotia Template:FlagiconUS Navy
University of Iowa Suborbital Ionospheric / Aeronomy 24 September Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[34]
24 September
21:09 		Template:FlagiconLoki Rockoon SUI 40 Template:FlagiconUSS Staten Island, Atlantic Ocean, near Nova Scotia Template:FlagiconUS Navy
University of Iowa Suborbital Ionospheric / Aeronomy 24 September Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[33]
25 September
20:39 		Template:FlagiconLoki Rockoon SUI 41 Template:FlagiconUSS Staten Island, Atlantic Ocean, near Newfoundland Template:FlagiconUS Navy
University of Iowa Suborbital Ionospheric / Aeronomy 25 September Launch failure
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[33]
27 September Template:FlagiconR-5M Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 27 September Successful[22]
27 September Template:FlagiconNike-Deacon Template:FlagiconWallops Island Template:FlagiconNACA
NACA Suborbital REV test flight 27 September Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[29]
27 September
19:12 		Template:FlagiconDeacon Rockoon NRL Rockoon 14 Template:FlagiconUSS Staten Island, Labrador Sea Template:FlagiconUS Navy
NRL Suborbital Ionospheric / Aeronomy 27 September Launch failure
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[34]
27 September
19:43 		Template:FlagiconDeacon Rockoon NRL Rockoon 13 Template:FlagiconUSS Staten Island, Labrador Sea Template:FlagiconUS Navy
NRL Suborbital Ionospheric / Aeronomy 27 September Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[34]
27 September
20:54 		Template:FlagiconDeacon Rockoon SUI 42 Template:FlagiconUSS Staten Island, Labrador Sea Template:FlagiconUS Navy
University of Iowa Suborbital Ionospheric / Aeronomy 27 September Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[34]
28 September
01:13 		Template:FlagiconLoki Rockoon SUI 43 Template:FlagiconUSS Staten Island, Labrador Sea Template:FlagiconUS Navy
University of Iowa Suborbital Ionospheric / Aeronomy 28 September Launch failure
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[33]
28 September
12:45 		Template:FlagiconDeacon Rockoon NRL Rockoon 15 Template:FlagiconUSS Staten Island, southern Davis Strait Template:FlagiconUS Navy
NRL Suborbital Ionospheric / Aeronomy 28 September Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[34]
28 September
14:54 		Template:FlagiconDeacon Rockoon SUI 44 Template:FlagiconUSS Staten Island, southern Davis Strait Template:FlagiconUS Navy
University of Iowa Suborbital Ionospheric / Aeronomy 28 September Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[34]
28 September
17:40 		Template:FlagiconDeacon Rockoon NRL Rockoon 16 Template:FlagiconUSS Staten Island, southern Davis Strait Template:FlagiconUS Navy
NRL Suborbital Ionospheric / Aeronomy 28 September Launch failure
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[34]
28 September
19:22 		Template:FlagiconDeacon-Loki Rockoon SUI 45 Template:FlagiconUSS Staten Island, southern Davis Strait Template:FlagiconUS Navy
University of Iowa Suborbital Test flight 28 September Launch failure
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert"., maiden flight of the Deacon-Loki rockoon[35]
29 September Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 29 September Successful[21]
29 September
13:42 		Template:FlagiconDeacon Rockoon SUI 46 Template:FlagiconUSS Staten Island, Davis Strait Template:FlagiconUS Navy
University of Iowa Suborbital Ionospheric / Aeronomy 29 September Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[34]
29 September
19:13 		Template:FlagiconDeacon Rockoon SUI 47 Template:FlagiconUSS Staten Island, northern Davis Strait Template:FlagiconUS Navy
University of Iowa Suborbital Ionospheric / Aeronomy 29 September Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[34]
29 September
21:52 		Template:FlagiconDeacon-Loki Rockoon SUI 48 Template:FlagiconUSS Staten Island, Davis Strait Template:FlagiconUS Navy
University of Iowa Suborbital Test flight 29 September Launch failure
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert"., final flight of the Deacon-Loki rockoon[35]
30 September
15:50 		Template:FlagiconAerobee AJ10-27 USAF 59 Template:FlagiconHolloman LC-A Template:FlagiconUS Air Force
AFCRC / University of Utah / University of Colorado Suborbital Solar UV 30 September Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[23]Template:Rp
30 September
20:10 		Template:FlagiconLoki Rockoon SUI 49 Template:FlagiconUSS Staten Island, Baffin Bay Template:FlagiconUS Navy
University of Iowa Suborbital Ionospheric / Aeronomy 30 September Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[33]

October

Template:Sronly
Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks
1 October Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 1 October Successful[21]
1 October Template:FlagiconR-5M Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 1 October Successful[22]
4 October
21:18 		Template:FlagiconLoki Rockoon SUI 50 Template:FlagiconScript error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities"., Baffin Bay Template:FlagiconUS Navy
University of Iowa Suborbital Ionospheric / Aeronomy 4 October Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[33]
5 October Template:FlagiconR-1 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 5 October Successful[25]
6 October
10:45 		Template:FlagiconDeacon Rockoon NRL Rockoon 17 Template:FlagiconUSS Staten Island, Davis Strait Template:FlagiconUS Navy
NRL Suborbital Ionospheric / Aeronomy 6 October Launch failure
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[34]
6 October
19:10 		Template:FlagiconDeacon Rockoon SUI 51 Template:FlagiconUSS Staten Island, Davis Strait Template:FlagiconUS Navy
University of Iowa Suborbital Ionospheric / Aeronomy 6 October Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[34]
7 October Template:FlagiconNike-Nike-T40-T55 Template:FlagiconWallops Island Template:FlagiconNACA
NACA Suborbital Heat transfer REV test 7 October Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[30]
8 October Template:FlagiconR-1 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 8 October Successful[25]
11 October
14:33 		Template:FlagiconDeacon Rockoon SUI 52 Template:FlagiconUSS Staten Island, southern Davis Strait Template:FlagiconUS Navy
University of Iowa Suborbital Ionospheric / Aeronomy 11 October Launch failure
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[34]
11 October
14:37 		Template:FlagiconDeacon Rockoon NRL Rockoon 18 Template:FlagiconUSS Staten Island, southern Davis Strait Template:FlagiconUS Navy
NRL Suborbital Ionospheric / Aeronomy 11 October Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[34]
13 October
01:00 		Template:FlagiconAerobee RTV-A-1a USAF 60 Template:FlagiconHolloman LC-A Template:FlagiconUS Air Force
Template:FlagiconSodium Release 2 AFCRC Suborbital Aeronomy 13 October Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[23]Template:Rp
13 October
06:37 		Template:FlagiconDeacon Rockoon NRL Rockoon 19 Template:FlagiconUSS Staten Island, Labrador Sea Template:FlagiconUS Navy
NRL Suborbital Ionospheric / Aeronomy 13 October Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[34]
13 October
12:44 		Template:FlagiconDeacon Rockoon SUI 53 Template:FlagiconUSS Staten Island, Labrador Sea Template:FlagiconUS Navy
University of Iowa Suborbital Ionospheric / Aeronomy 13 October Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[34]
13 October
13:42 		Template:FlagiconDeacon Rockoon NRL Rockoon 20 Template:FlagiconUSS Staten Island, Labrador Sea Template:FlagiconUS Navy
NRL Suborbital Ionospheric / Aeronomy 13 October Launch failure
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[34]
13 October
15:24 		Template:FlagiconDeacon Rockoon SUI 54 Template:FlagiconUSS Staten Island, Labrador Sea Template:FlagiconUS Navy
University of Iowa Suborbital Ionospheric / Aeronomy 13 October Launch failure
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[34]
13 October
20:13 		Template:FlagiconDeacon Rockoon SUI 55 Template:FlagiconUSS Staten Island, Labrador Sea Template:FlagiconUS Navy
University of Iowa Suborbital Ionospheric / Aeronomy 13 October Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[34]
18 October
22:49 		Template:FlagiconAerobee RTV-N-10c NRL 34 Template:FlagiconWhite Sands LC-35 Template:FlagiconUS Navy
NRL Suborbital Solar UV / Solar X-Ray 18 October Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[27]
22 October
00:20 		Template:FlagiconAerobee RTV-N-10c NRL 35 Template:FlagiconWhite Sands LC-35 Template:FlagiconUS Navy
NRL Suborbital Solar UV 22 October Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[27]
31 October Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 31 October Successful[21]

November

Template:Sronly
Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks
1 November Template:FlagiconR-5M Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 1 November Successful[22]
4 November Template:FlagiconR-1E Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Biological 4 November Successful
Carried dogs, all recovered[24]
4 November Template:FlagiconR-5M Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 4 November Successful[22]
4 November
15:30 		Template:FlagiconAerobee RTV-N-10c NRL 36 Template:FlagiconWhite Sands LC-35 Template:FlagiconUS Navy
NRL Suborbital Solar UV 4 November Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[27]
17 November
09:15 		Template:FlagiconAerobee RTV-N-10 NRL 25 Template:FlagiconWhite Sands LC-35 Template:FlagiconUS Navy
NRL Suborbital Meteorites / UV Astronomy 17 November Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[27]
19 November Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 19 November Successful[21]
19 November Template:FlagiconR-5M Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 19 November Successful[22]
23 November Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 23 November Successful[21]
23 November Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 23 November Successful[21]
29 November
17:16 		Template:FlagiconAerobee RTV-N-10 NRL 24 Template:FlagiconWhite Sands LC-35 Template:FlagiconUS Navy
NRL Suborbital Ionospheric 29 November Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[27]

December

Template:Sronly
Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks
1 December Template:FlagiconX-17 Template:FlagiconCape Canaveral LC-3 Template:FlagiconUS Air Force
ARDC Suborbital Test flight 1 December Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[31]
9 December
14:50 		Template:FlagiconAerobee Hi NRL 38 Template:FlagiconWhite Sands LC-35 Template:FlagiconUS Navy
NRL Suborbital Test flight 9 December Launch failure[27]
13 December
05:00 		Template:FlagiconAerobee RTV-N-10a NRL 28 Template:FlagiconWhite Sands LC-35 Template:FlagiconUS Navy
NRL Suborbital Airglow / Aeronomy 13 December Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert"., final flight of the Aerobee RTV-N-10a;[27] carried photometers to measure altitude and intensity of airglow at 5577 and 5890-6 A.[5] Also took three ultraviolet spectrograms of the Sun, investigating Ly-α emissions.[6]
13 December
17:58 		Template:FlagiconAerobee AJ10-27 USAF 61 Template:FlagiconHolloman LC-A Template:FlagiconUS Air Force
AFCRC / University of Utah / University of Colorado Suborbital Solar UV 13 December Successful
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert"., final flight of the Aerobee AJ10-27[23]Template:Rp
16 December Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 16 December Successful[21]
17 December Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 17 December Successful[21]
21 December Template:FlagiconHJ-Nike Template:FlagiconWallops Island Template:FlagiconNACA
NACA Suborbital Test flight 21 December Launch failure
Apogee: Script error: No such module "convert".[32]
24 December Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 24 December Successful[21]
27 December Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 27 December Successful[21]
28 December Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 28 December Successful[21]
30 December Template:FlagiconR-2 Template:FlagiconKapustin Yar Template:FlagiconOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 30 December Successful[21]
Template:Flatlist

Suborbital launch statistics

By country

Template:Pie chart

Template:Sronly
Country Launches Successes Failures Partial
failures
Template:Flagcountry 95 92 0 3
Template:Flagcountry 61 42 19 0
World Script error: No such module "math". Script error: No such module "math". Script error: No such module "math". Script error: No such module "math".

By rocket

Script error: No such module "Chart".

Template:Sronly
Rocket Country Launches Successes Failures Partial
failures 		Remarks
Viking (second model) Template:Flagcountry 1 1 0 0
Aerobee RTV-N-10 Template:Flagcountry 4 4 0 0
Aerobee RTV-N-10c Template:Flagcountry 4 4 0 0 Maiden flight
Aerobee RTV-N-10a Template:Flagcountry 2 2 0 0 Maiden flight, retired
Aerobee Hi (NRL) Template:Flagcountry 2 0 2 0 Maiden flight
Aerobee RTV-A-1a Template:Flagcountry 5 5 0 0
Aerobee Hi (USAF) Template:Flagcountry 2 1 1 0 Maiden flight
Aerobee AJ10-27 Template:Flagcountry 4 4 0 0 Maiden flight, retired
Deacon rockoon (SUI) Template:Flagcountry 10 8 2 0
Deacon rockoon (NRL) Template:Flagcountry 8 4 4 0
Loki rockoon Template:Flagcountry 6 4 2 0 Maiden flight
Deacon-Loki rockoon Template:Flagcountry 2 0 2 0 Maiden flight, retired
Nike-Nike-T40-T55 Template:Flagcountry 2 1 1 0
Nike-Deacon Template:Flagcountry 3 3 0 0 Maiden flight
Nike-Nike-Tri-Deacon-T40 Template:Flagcountry 1 0 1 0 Maiden flight, retired
X-17 Template:Flagcountry 3 1 2 0 Maiden flight
HJ-Nike Template:Flagcountry 2 0 2 0 Maiden flight
R-1 Template:Flagcountry 18 18 0 0
R-1E Template:Flagcountry 3 2 0 1 Maiden flight
R-2 Template:Flagcountry 42 42 0 0
R-5 Template:Flagcountry 8 8 0 0
R-5M Template:Flagcountry 24 22 0 2 Maiden flight

See also

References

<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Generic references: Script error: No such module "navbar".
Script error: No such module "portal-inline".

Footnotes

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".


Script error: No such module "Navbox".

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