1936 Manitoba general election

Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox election The 1936 Manitoba general election was held July 27, 1936 to elect Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Manitoba, Canada. The Liberal-Progressives won minority government in this election, taking 23 seats out of 55 and 35 percent of the vote.

This was the second election in Manitoba after the formation of a Liberal-Progressive alliance in 1932. The Progressive Party, which had governed the province since 1922, forged an alliance with the Liberal Party just prior to the 1932 provincial election to prevent the Conservative Party from winning. This alliance won the 1932 election under Premier John Bracken's leadership, and the two parties had effectively become united by 1936.

The Liberal-Progressives faced opposition from a variety of parties in the 1936 election. The Conservative Party remained the dominant opposition group, and the most serious challenge to the government. On the left, the Independent Labour Party (ILP) formed an alliance with the national Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), and contested the election as the ILP-CCF. The Communist Party also fielded a strong candidate in Winnipeg, while the upstart Social Credit League also ran candidates, hoping to repeat William Aberhart's surprising victory in Alberta the previous year.

Despite economic hardships in the province, Bracken expected that his government would be returned with another majority. He was mistaken. Although the Liberal-Progressives won the election, they could claim only twenty-two seats out of 53 after the initial results were declared. The Conservative party, under its new leader, former federal Member of Parliament (MP) Errick Willis, finished a close second with sixteen. The ILP-CCF won seven seats, while the Social Credit League unexpectedly won five. One independent Liberal was also elected. A number of rural ridings, which had previously supported Liberal-Progressive candidates, shifted to the Conservatives or to Social Credit in this poll.

The greatest surprise of the election occurred in the Winnipeg constituency, which elected ten members via a single transferable ballot. Former judge Lewis Stubbs, an independent leftist, received an astounding 24,805 votes on the first ballot, almost 20,000 more than his nearest competitor. The second-place candidate, moreover, was James Litterick, the first openly declared communist to win election at the state or federal level in North America.

After the election, Bracken attempted to persuade Errick Willis to form a four-year alliance of the Liberal-Progressive and Conservative parties, so as to provide a stable government for the province. Willis rejected the offer the same day, claiming his caucus was unwilling to accept it.

The provincial impasse continued until August 13, when the Social Credit League unexpectedly announced that it would provide support to Bracken's government in the legislature. Social Credit did not formally join with the Liberal-Progressives in a coalition government, but provided critical support to Bracken's minority government for the next four years.

Ironically, Bracken's own constituency of The Pas was the site of one of the two deferred elections. He was re-elected, while a second Independent Liberal was returned in Rupertsland.

Including the Social Credit MLAs, Bracken's government could count on the support of only 28 members out of 55. He was nonetheless able to keep his government intact for four years, and in late 1940 formed a new wartime coalition government with the Conservatives, CCF and Social Credit. This coalition contested the 1941 election, and won a landslide majority.

The Communist Party was not included in this coalition, as it had been declared illegal after the start of World War II. James Litterick was expelled from the legislature in 1940 and went into hiding. He and CPC leader Tim Buck surrendered themselves to police in 1942 and spent time in the Don Jail, being released in 1942 or 1943. Litterick's whereabouts after the war are unknown. His disappearance has been the cause of speculation in the Canadian left. Some say that he was a spy for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, and that he was killed as a traitor during the war by other members of the Communist Party. This has never been verified, however.

Like the previous Manitoba elections, all the voters cast preferential votes. Ten MLAs were elected in Winnipeg through Single transferable votes; all others were elected through Instant-runoff voting.

Results

Manitoba general election (July 27, 1936)

Party		Leader	First-preference votes		Seats
			Votes	% FPv	Cand.	1932	Elected	Change	John Bracken	91,357	36.1	49	36	23	13Decrease	Errick Willis	71,927	28.4	37	10	16	6Increase	ILP-CCF	Seymour Farmer	30,983	17.3	13	5	7	2Increase		27,552	10.9	4	–	1	1Increase	–	23,413	9.2	12	–	5	5Increase	James Litterick	5,864	2.3	1	–	1	1Increase		2,340	0.9	2	–	2	2Increase		–	–	–	2	–	2Decrease		–	–	–	1	–	1Decrease		–	–	–	1	–	1Decrease
Valid			253,436	100.0	118	55	55	–
Rejected			5,524
Total votes cast			258,960
Registered voters/Turnout			391,902	66.1

Results by riding

Bold names indicate members returned by acclamation. Incumbents are marked with *.

  Arthur: John R. Pitt*

  Assiniboia: James Aiken

  Beautiful Plains: John Poole

  Birtle: Francis Bell

  Brandon: George Dinsdale*

  Carillon: Edmond Prefontaine*

  Cypress: James Christie*

  Dauphin: Robert Hawkins*

  Deloraine: Errick Willis

  Dufferin: John Munn*

  Emerson: Herbert Wright (Ind-Lib)

  Ethelbert: William Lisowsky

  Fairford: Stuart Garson*

  Fisher: Nicholas Bachynsky*

  Gilbert Plains: Stanley Fox

  Gimli: Joseph Wawrykow

  Gladstone: William Morton*

  Glenwood: James Breakey*

  Hamiota: Norman Turnbull

  Iberville: John Lamont

  Kildonan & St. Andrews: James McLenaghen*

  Killarney: John Laughlin

  Lakeside: Douglas Campbell*

  Lansdowne: Matthew Sutherland

  La Verendrye: Sauveur Marcoux

  Manitou: Hugh Morrison

  Minnedosa: Earl Rutledge*

  Morden & Rhineland: Wallace C. Miller

  Morris: William Clubb*

  Mountain: Ivan Schultz*

  Norfolk: John Lawrie

  Portage la Prairie: Toby Sexsmith*

  Roblin: Sidney Rogers

  Rockwood: Mungo Lewis

  Rupertsland: Oddur Olafson (Ind-Lib)

  Russell: Isaac Griffiths*

  St. Boniface: Harold Lawrence*

  St. Clements: Herbert Sulkers

  St. George: Salome Halldorson

  Ste. Rose: Maurice Dane MacCarthy*

  Springfield: Evelyn Shannon

  Swan River: George Renouf*

  The Pas: John Bracken*

  Turtle Mountain: Alexander Welch*

  Virden: Robert Mooney*

  Winnipeg: William Major*

  Winnipeg: John Stewart McDiarmid*

  Winnipeg: Seymour Farmer*

  Winnipeg: Marcus Hyman*

  Winnipeg: John Queen*

  Winnipeg: James Barry

  Winnipeg: Huntly Ketchen*

  Winnipeg: Ralph Webb*

  Winnipeg: Lewis Stubbs*

  Winnipeg: James Litterick

Turnover on runoff

Among the single-member ridings, there was only one case where the first-place candidate in first-preference votes failed to win:

St. Boniface - Summary of results (1936)Template:Election table/category

Party		Candidate	First-preference votes		Maximum votes
			Votes	% FPv	Votes	Round	Initial vs transfer votes mix	L.P. Gagnon	3,630	32.22	4,235	3	Template:Election box ranked choice bar	Independent Labour	Harold Lawrence*	3,157	28.03	4,620	3	Template:Election box ranked choice bar	G.C. McLean	2,747	24.39	2,890	2	Template:Election box ranked choice bar	J.F. Jodoin	1,730	15.36	1,730	1	Template:Election box ranked choice bar
Total			11,264	100.00
Exhausted votes					2,409	21.39%	Template:Election box ranked choice bar

Winnipeg

Winnipeg:

Winnipeg MLAs returned by party

Party		MLAs	2
Template:Canadian party colour|	ILP-CCF	3	3	1	1
Total		10

Ten MLAs were elected through Single transferable vote.

* - Incumbent

Sources The first ballot results for Winnipeg and results for all other constituencies are taken from an official Manitoba government publication entitled "Manitoba elections, 1920-1941", cross-referenced with an appendix to the government's report of the 2003 provincial election. The vote transfers, as given above,are presented in Glashan, P.R. in Canada (1951) (available online). The Canadian parliamentary guide lists slightly different results for Glenwood, but the other two sources are more comprehensive and may be taken as more reliable. All ballot results for Winnipeg after the first count are taken from reports in the Winnipeg Free Press newspaper. It is possible that some errors appeared in the original publication. Post-election changes The ILP-CCF parliamentary group became known as CCF after the election. Winnipeg (dec. Marcus Hyman, 1938). Winnipeg (James Litterick disqualified from the legislature, 1940). Lewis Stubbs was initially the only member of the legislature to remain in opposition when a four-party coalition was formed in 1940. He was later joined by Salome Halldorson of Social Credit, as well as John Poole and Huntly Ketchen of the Conservatives. Further reading