.357 SIG

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The .357 SIG (designated as the 357 Sig by the SAAMI[1] and 357 SIG by the C.I.P.[2] or 9×22 mm in official metric notation) is a bottlenecked rimless centerfire handgun cartridge developed by the Swiss-German firearms manufacturer SIG Sauer, in cooperation with ammunition manufacturer Federal Premium. The cartridge is used by a number of law enforcement agencies.[3]

History

The .357 SIG is based on a necked-down .40 Smith & Wesson case, forgoing the large pistol primer utilized by the 10mm Auto in favor of the small pistol primer used in many common self-defense rounds, such as .40 S&W, .38 Special, 9 mm and other similarly-sized cartridges. Excluding specialized wildcat cartridges used in competition shooting — e.g., the 9×25mm Dillon, which necked a 10mm Auto case down to a 9 mm bullet — the .357 SIG was the first modern bottlenecked handgun cartridge to become commercially available since the 1961 introduction of Winchester's now-obsolete .256 Winchester Magnum, a .257 caliber round based on the .357 Magnum. Later the same year Remington and Smith & Wesson began jointly developing a similar round and, before the year's end, introduced the .22 Remington Jet, a .357 Magnum case necked down to accommodate a .22 caliber bullet.

Despite its favorable ballistics and performance, the .357 SIG has not achieved the widespread adoption seen with similar cartridges. One factor preventing the round from achieving greater popularity could be the cost of the ammunition, which frequently reaches double the expense of 9 mm, .40 S&W or .45 ACP ammunition. Because of this, as well as availability issues, some law enforcement agencies that previously adopted the cartridge have reportedly began to move away from the .357 SIG in favor of more common rounds with comparable performance.[4][5][6][7]

Cartridge dimensions

The .357 SIG has 1.27 ml (19.5 grains H2O) cartridge case capacity.

File:357 SIG.svg

.357 SIG maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions.[2] All sizes in millimeters.

Several sources have published contradicting information regarding .357 SIG headspacing.[8] This is due to the cartridge having been originally designed as a .357 (9.02 mm) round, but then rapidly adapted to the .355 (9 mm) bullet. According to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente Pour L'Epreuve Des Armes A Feu Portatives) 2008 revised documents, the .357 SIG headspaces on the case mouth (H2).[9] Some US sources are in conflict with this standard.[10] However, the cartridge and chamber drawing in the ANSI/SAAMI American National Standards also clearly shows the cartridge headspacing on the case mouth.[11] Likewise, US reloading supplier Lyman has published that the .357 SIG headspaces on the case mouth.

According to the C.I.P. rulings the .357 SIG case can handle up to 305 MPa (44,236 psi) piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every pistol cartridge combo has to be proofed at 130% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers.
The SAAMI pressure limit for the .357 SIG is set at 275.80 MPa (40,000 psi), piezo pressure.[12]

Conversions

File:357SIG ammo.jpg
Left to right: .357 SIG, 10mm Auto, .40 S&W

While it is based on a 10 mm case necked down to accept Script error: No such module "convert". bullets, the .357 SIG cartridge case is slightly longer than the .40 S&W by Script error: No such module "convert". to Script error: No such module "convert". total. Most .40 S&W pistols can be converted to .357 SIG by replacing the barrel, but sometimes the recoil spring must also be changed. Pistols with especially strong recoil springs can accept either cartridge with a barrel change. Magazines will freely interchange between the two cartridges in most pistols. .357 SIG barrel kits have allowed this cartridge to gain in popularity among handgun owners.

Performance

The table below shows common performance parameters for several .357 SIG loads. Bullet weights ranging from Script error: No such module "convert". have been offered. Loads are available with energies from Script error: No such module "convert". to Script error: No such module "convert"., and penetration depths from Script error: No such module "convert". to over Script error: No such module "convert". are available for various applications and risk assessments. Underwood now also offers a standard pressure 65 gr .357 SIG Xtreme Defender (XD) round with a muzzle velocity of 2,100 fps, muzzle energy of 636 ft. lbs. and a penetration depth of 17.5 inches.

Manufacturer Load Mass Velocity Energy Expansion[13] Penetration[13] PC[13] TSC[13]
Triton Quik-Shok Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". frag Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". (est)
Winchester Ranger T Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". (est)
Federal Premium JHP Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". (est)
Speer Gold Dot JHP Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". (est)
Remington JHP Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". (est)
Federal Premium JHP Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". (est)
Underwood Gold Dot JHP Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". (est)


Key:
Expansion – expanded bullet diameter (ballistic gelatin).
Penetration – penetration depth (ballistic gelatin).
PC – permanent cavity volume (ballistic gelatin, FBI method).
TSC – temporary stretch cavity volume (ballistic gelatin).

Because of its relatively high velocity[14] for a handgun round, the .357 SIG has an unusually flat trajectory, extending the effective range. However, it does not quite reach the performance of the .357 Magnum with bullets heavier than Script error: No such module "convert".. Offsetting this general slight disadvantage in performance is that semi-automatic pistols tend to carry considerably more ammunition than revolvers.

The Virginia State Police has reported that attacking dogs have been stopped dead in their tracks by a single shot, whereas the former 147 grain 9 mm duty rounds would require multiple shots to incapacitate the animals.[15] Proponents of the hydrostatic shock theory contend that the energy available in the .357 SIG is sufficient for imparting hydrostatic shock with well-designed bullets.[16][17][18] Users have commented, "We're really impressed with the stopping power of the .357 SIG round."[3]

The bottleneck shape of the .357 SIG cartridge makes feeding problems almost non-existent.[19]

The Accurate Powder reloading manual claims that it is "without a doubt the most ballistically consistent handgun cartridge we have ever worked with".[12]

Characteristics

File:9mm 7,62mm 357sig 10mm 45SW 45GAP 50AE 002.jpg
From left to right: 9mm, 7.62×25mm Tokarev, .357 SIG, 10mm Auto, .40 S&W, .45 GAP, .50 AE

The goal of the .357 SIG project was to offer a level of performance equal to the highly effective Script error: No such module "convert". .357 Magnum load.[20][21] Measurements of standard factory .357 SIG cartridges loaded with Script error: No such module "convert". bullets showed approximate muzzle velocities of Script error: No such module "convert". out of a Script error: No such module "convert". barrel, which is essentially identical to the .357 Magnum with the same bullet weight and barrel length.[22][23] These measurements were performed with a Thompson Center Encore 1842 break-action, single-shot pistol-rifle, preventing differing barrel length definitions between semi-automatic pistols and revolvers giving revolvers a potential muzzle velocity advantage.[24]

With a simplistic approach to physics, recoil being directly proportional to "muzzle velocity × bullet mass" (due to conservation of momentum), the recoil of the .357 SIG is equal to or slightly less than that of the .40 S&W, and less than that of the full-power 10mm Auto loads or the original .357 Magnum.[25] This simple approach to recoil is, however, incomplete, since the properties of the bullet alone do not determine the felt recoil; the rocket-like blast of propellant gases exiting the barrel after the bullet leaves the muzzle also plays a role.[26] A more accurate view on recoil is that it is proportional to the mass of all ejecta × velocity of ejecta.[27]

In comparing the energy levels of premium self-defense ammunition, the muzzle energy of Script error: No such module "convert". of the Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". .357 SIG load is greater than either the Script error: No such module "convert". generated by a Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". Speer GoldDot .40 S&W load or the Script error: No such module "convert". generated by a Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". Speer GoldDot .40 S&W load.[28]

Implementation

File:357 SIG - FMJ - SB - 3.jpg
Oblique view of a .357 SIG FMJ cartridge.

In 1994 Sig released the P229 pistol, the first production handgun chambered in .357 SIG, specifically designed to handle the higher pressures of that round.[29]

However, in 2013 the Texas DPS decided to replace their .357 SIG handguns with 9 mm handguns.[30] The ability to carry more rounds per magazine (9 mm vs. .357 SIG) in a lighter gun were among the stated reasons for the change.[31] That transition was suspended after recruits in the A-2014 class, the first to train with the new S&W M&P 9 mm polymer handguns, experienced numerous malfunctions with those weapons.[32]

The newer SIG Sauer P229 in .357 SIG has been adopted for use by agents and officers of the following national and state law enforcement organizations (LEO):

See also

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g The Gun Digest Book of Sig-Sauer: a complete look at Sig-Sauer pistols. Massad Ayoob. 2004. pp. 51–53.
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ a b c d Marshall and Sanow, Stopping Power, Paladin 2001, p. 75.
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Ayoob, Massad. (2002). The Gun Digest Book of Combat Handgunnery, 5th edition: Krause Publications. Template:ISBN
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Sturtevant B, Shock Wave Effects in Biomechanics, Sadhana, 23: 579–596, 1998.
  18. ↑ Courtney A, Courtney M: Links between traumatic brain injury and ballistic pressure waves originating in the thoracic cavity and extremities. Brain Injury 21(7): 657–662, 2007.
  19. ↑ Gun Digest Buyer's Guide to Concealed-Carry Handguns By Jerry Ahern. 2010. p. 35.
  20. ↑ recorded results in Street Stoppers pg 173 .357 Magnum and Handgun Stopping Power by Marshall & Sanow
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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External links

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