Voiced uvular nasal
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A voiced uvular nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA, a small capital version of the Latin letter n.
Uvular nasals are rare sounds cross-linguistically, occurring as a phoneme in only a small handful of languages. It is complex in terms of articulation, and also highly marked, as it is inherently difficult to produce a nasal articulation at the uvular point of contact.[1] This difficulty can be said to account for the marked rarity of this sound among the world's languages.[1]
A uvular nasal most commonly occurs as a conditioned allophone of other sounds,[2] for example as an allophone of Template:IPAslink before a uvular plosive as in Quechua, or as an allophone of Template:IPAslink before another nasal consonant as in Selkup. However, it has been reported to exist as an independent phoneme in a small number of languages. Examples include the Klallam language, Tagalog language, the Tawellemmet and Ayr varieties of Tuareg Berber,[3] the Rangakha dialect of Khams Tibetan,[4] at least two dialects of the Bai language,[5][6] the Papuan language Mapos Buang,[7] and the Chamdo languages: Lamo (Kyilwa dialect), Larong sMar (Tangre Chaya dialect), Drag-yab sMar (Razi dialect).[8] In Mapos Buang and in the Bai dialects, it contrasts phonemically with a velar nasal.[5][6][7] In the Chamdo languages it contrasts phonemically with Template:IPAslink, Template:IPAslink, and Template:IPAslink.[8] The syllable-final nasal in Japanese was traditionally said to be realized as a uvular nasal when utterance-final, but empirical studies have disputed this claim.Template:Sfnp
There is also a pre-uvular nasal[9] in some languages such as Yanyuwa, which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical uvular nasal, though not as front as the prototypical velar nasal. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as Template:Angbr IPA (advanced Template:Angbr IPA), Template:Angbr IPA or Template:Angbr IPA (both symbols denote a retracted Template:Angbr IPA).
Features
Features of a voiced uvular nasal:
Template:Nasal stop Template:Uvular Template:Voiced Template:Nasal Template:Median articulation Template:Pulmonic
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Many speakers | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'pleasant' | Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before Template:IPAslink; realized as Script error: No such module "IPA". in formal speech. See Afrikaans phonology |
| Arabic | Standard | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'coup' | Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before Script error: No such module "IPA".; more commonly realized as Script error: No such module "IPA".. |
| Armenian | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'brainless' | Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before a uvular consonant in informal speech. | |
| Bai | Enqi dialect[6] | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'to walk' | Phonemic, and contrasts with Script error: No such module "IPA".. | |
| Luobenzhuo dialect[5] | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'I' | Phonemic, and contrasts with Script error: No such module "IPA".. | |
| Bashkir | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'wilderness' | Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". in back vowel contexts. | |
| Dutch | Netherlandic | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'pleasant' | Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". before Script error: No such module "IPA"., in dialects that use it. Can be realized as Script error: No such module "IPA". in formal speech. |
| English | Northumbrian | Script error: No such module "Unsubst". | [10] | ||
| Georgian | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'hip joint' | Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before uvular consonants. | |
| Iñupiaq | North Slope | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'he will study' | Corresponds to Script error: No such module "IPA". in other dialects. |
| Inuvialuktun | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'to where?' | Allophonic; see Inuit phonology | |
| Japanese | 本 / hon | [hoɴ] | 'book' | Coda allophone of /N/, the syllabic nasal. See Japanese phonology. | |
| Kalaallisut | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'crawls' | Occurrence and phonemic status depend on the dialect. | |
| Kazakh | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'new' | Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". in back vowel contexts. | |
| Klallam | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'big tree' | Contrasts with a glottalized form, but not with Script error: No such module "IPA".. | |
| Lamo | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'five' | Contrasts with Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., and Script error: No such module "IPA".. | ||
| Malto | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'to tell' | Script error: No such module "IPA". is phonetically Script error: No such module "IPA".. Script error: No such module "IPA". is Script error: No such module "IPA". in Southern and Western dialects. See Malto language#Phonology. | |
| Mapos Buang[7] | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'widower' | Phonemic, and contrasts with Script error: No such module "IPA".. | |
| Mongolian | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'Mongolia' | Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA".. | |
| Okinawan[11] | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'grandmother' | Post-glottal allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA".. | |
| Quechua | Peruvian | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'heart' | Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA".. |
| SpanishTemplate:Sfnb | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'shriveled' | Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA".. See Spanish phonology | |
| Turkmen | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'bell' | Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". next to back vowels. | |
| YanyuwaTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'adolescent boy' | Pre-uvular; contrasts with post-palatal Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp | |
See also
Notes
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- ↑ Instead of "pre-uvular", these can be called "advanced uvular", "fronted uvular", "post-velar", "retracted velar" or "backed velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "pre-uvular".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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References
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